This article proposes to connect the history of European integration with that of protest movements. Drawing on a transnational approach, it highlights a double link between the protest movements of spring 1968 in France and autumn 1969 in West Germany and the rise of the European Economic Community. Firstly, the completion of the common market on 1 July 1968 increased competition between European economies, fostering social demands on the eve of the protest. Secondly, the economic consequences of May 1968, both in France and in West Germany, underlined the new interdependencies of French and German societies within the common market. The need for convergence towards a ‘community of stability’ paved the way for negotiations on an economic and monetary union after the relaunch at the Congress of The Hague in December 1969.

Morphological knowledge refers to the ability to recognize and use morphemes correctly in syntactic contexts and word formation. This is crucial for learning a morphologically rich language like Finnish, which features both agglutinative and fusional morphology. In Finnish, agglutination occurs in forms like aamu: aamu+lla (‘morning: in the morning’), where a suffix is transparently added. Fusional features, as seen in ilta: illa+lla (‘evening: in the evening’), involve allomorphic stem changes that reduce transparency. We investigated the challenges posed by stem allomorphy for word recognition in isolation and in context for L2 learners and L1 speakers of Finnish. In a lexical decision task, L2 speakers had longer response times and higher error rates for semitransparent inflections, while L1 speakers showed longer response times for both transparent and semitransparent inflection types. In sentence reading, L2 speakers exhibited longer fixation times for semitransparent forms, whereas L1 speakers showed no significant effects. The results suggest that the challenges in L2 inflectional processing are more related to fusional than agglutinative features of the Finnish language.

In the second half of the twentieth century, West Germany was one of the largest pesticide producers and exporters worldwide. Among these exports were substances that were unpopular, obsolete, or entirely banned due to their health risks. The country case adds to our knowledge of global pesticide politics in three ways: First, politicians and industry used hunger in the Global South as an argument to justify export practices in the 1970s. Second, public criticism against this export was only successful when the health of German citizens was perceived to be under threat. Third, industry arguments led to creative and legal ways to export substances that have been problematised in the Global North. In view of this, the current EU initiative to regulate banned pesticide trade, though important, appears to remain tentative or ineffective.

Two diving beetle species (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) from the extant genus Copelatus Erichson are documented from early Miocene Mexican amber. Copelatus chiapas new species is described based on a series of specimens of both sexes. Copelatus chiapas n. sp. is the third species of the subfamily Copelatinae described from amber and the first fossil diving beetle for which distinct sexual dimorphism is documented. The other species remains identified to genus level only, due to poor structural visibility. Key morphological characters of the species are illustrated.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/0127be7a-bcb5-41da-9363-283d5cd49738

We carry out direct numerical simulations (DNS) of fully developed turbulent pipe flow subjected to radial system rotation, examining a broad range of rotational speed and Reynolds number. In response to the imposed system rotation, strong secondary motions arise in the form of streamwise-aligned counter-rotating eddies, which engage significantly with the boundary layer, exerting a notable influence on the turbulent flow. At high rotation numbers, a Taylor–Proudman region appears, marked by a constant mean axial velocity along the rotation axis. As rotation increases, local flow relaminarisation takes place starting at the suction side of the pipe, ultimately resulting in full relaminarisation when the rotation number is higher than unity. In this regime the near-wall region of the flow exhibits the typical hallmark of laminar Ekman layers, whose strength varies with the azimuthal position along the pipe perimeter. A predictive analytical formula for frictional drag is derived for this ultimate high rotation which accurately reproduces the DNS data. The behaviour of friction is more complex to predict at low-to-intermediate rotation numbers owing to concurrent effects of viscosity, turbulence, secondary motions and rotation, which we quantify in an extended version of the Fukagata–Iwamoto–Kasagi identity.

The origin of modern financial economics can be traced to early discounted expected value solutions for the price of life annuities. In contrast to the single life annuity valuations attributed to Jan de Witt and Edmond Halley, the computational complexity of joint life annuity valuation posed difficulties. Following a brief review of various joint life annuity specifications, a history of joint life annuity issuance and valuation in northern Europe from the thirteenth to the mid-eighteenth centuries is provided. With this background, the 1671 correspondence from de Witt to Jan Hudde on possible methods for valuing joint life annuities is detailed. These methods are contrasted with the geometric method described in Halley (1693), providing impetus for examination of the analytical approximations developed by Abraham de Moivre and Thomas Simpson.

We give a conditional bound for the average analytic rank of elliptic curves over an arbitrary number field. In particular, under the assumptions that all elliptic curves over a number field K are modular and have L-functions which satisfy the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, we show that the average analytic rank of isomorphism classes of elliptic curves over K is bounded above by $(9\deg (K)+1)/2$, when ordered by naive height. A key ingredient in the proof is giving asymptotics for the number of elliptic curves over an arbitrary number field with a prescribed local condition; these results are obtained by proving general results for counting points of bounded height on weighted projective stacks with a prescribed local condition, which may be of independent interest.

The 2175Å bump is a prominent absorption feature at ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths in dust extinction and attenuation curves. Understanding the relative strength of this feature is important for making accurate dust corrections at both low- and high-redshift. This feature is postulated to arise from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) dust grains; however, the carrier has not been definitively established. We present results on the correlation between the 2175Å feature and PAH abundances in a spatially-resolved manner for 15 local galaxies in the PHANGS-JWST survey that have NUV and mid-IR imaging data from Swift/UVOT and JWST/MIRI, respectively. We find a moderate positive correlation between the 2175Å feature strength and PAH abundance (Spearman’s coefficient, $0.3 \lesssim \rho \lesssim 0.5$), albeit with large intrinsic scatter. However, most of this trend can be attributed to a stronger negative correlation of both quantities with SFR surface density and specific-SFR (proxies of ionising radiation; $\rho\sim-0.6$). The latter trends are consistent with previous findings that both the 2175Å carrier and PAHs are small grains that are easily destroyed by UV photons, although the proxy for PAH abundance (based on photometry) could also be influenced by dust heating. When controlling for SFR surface density, we find weaker correlations between the 2175Å feature and PAH abundances ($\rho \lesssim 0.3$), disfavouring a direct link. However, analyses based on spectroscopic (instead of photometric) measurements of the 2175Å feature and PAH features are required to verify our findings. No significant trends with gas-phase metallicity or galactocentric radii are found for the 2175Å feature and PAHs; however, the metallicity range of our sample is limited ($8.40 \lt 12+\log[\mathrm{O/H}] \lt 8.65$). We provide prescriptions for the strength of the 2175Å feature and PAHs in local massive (metal-rich) galaxies with SFR surface density and specific-SFR; however, the former should be used with caution due to the fact that bump strengths measured from Swift/UVOT are expected to be underestimated.

Due to severe shortages of volunteer labor for repairing the damage immediately after World War II, the provisional Austrian federal government decided in September 1945 to make work compulsory, primarily for former National Socialists. As a result, these individuals were forced to perform a wide variety of reconstruction work over a period of two years. These workers subsequently sued the Republic of Austria for compensation payments and received a favorable ruling from the Supreme Court in 1951. The work of these conscripted former National Socialists was increasingly forgotten as the years went on, and, therefore, toward the end of the twentieth century, a form of “Trümmerfrauen” myth emerged in Austria. According to this myth, the immediate repair of war damage was mainly carried out by volunteer women. This article examines for the first time the people that worked in the removal of rubble in 1945 and 1946, how they described their work afterward, and how this compulsory labor gave rise to a positive reconstruction myth of voluntary women’s work.

The influx of foreign capital into cities in developing countries creates new labor demands, triggering significant internal migration as workers move for opportunities. But this mobilization creates a management problem for local governments. How do local officials manage competing interests in developing their labor market while preventing governance problems from excessive demand on public resources? Using the highly institutionalized case of China, I argue that local governments encourage long-term migration of “desirable” migrants by integrating them into social services while keeping others out. Variation in locally invested FDI skill dependence drives variation in inclusivity towards internal migrants. Policies that facilitate the integration of internal migrants into local urban welfare systems correlate with investment in firms with greater dependence on high-skilled workers, especially when investment flows to firms established more than one year previously. These trends are strongest in eastern municipalities where market forces play a larger role in local development policies.

This article examines the neglected war crimes trials of Holocaust perpetrators that took place at the People's Tribunal in early postwar Romania, focusing especially on the first trial (the “Macici group”). The article shows that in spite of the political interferences by the new pro-communist regime and the USSR, the Macici group trial in particular, and the first war crimes trials in general, were not Stalinist show trials or fake trials and they sentenced real war criminals and accurately captured Romania's participation in the Holocaust. Unlike the Antonescu group trial – that indicted the former pro-Nazi dictator and his closest collaborators – the first war crimes trial was not a typical political trial. In general, it respected the rule of law of the era. Resembling the cases of other trials of Nazi perpetrators and collaborators in postwar Europe, the Romanian perpetrators invoked superior orders as their main line of defense. In spite of the public perception and the communist regime's propaganda, the primary sources show that the People's Tribunal proved rather lenient and inefficient. Additionally, these trials had an important political-social role in postwar Romania and helped the communist regime discredit political adversaries, purge the judiciary, gain legitimacy, and increase its control of local society.

This paper presents an algorithm for simulating multiple equilibria in otherwise-linear dynamic models with occasionally-binding constraints. Our algorithm extends the guess-and-verify approach of Guerrieri and Iacoviello (2015) to detect and simulate multiple perfect foresight equilibria, and allows arbitrary “news shocks” up to a finite horizon. When there are multiple equilibria, we show how to compute expected paths using a “prior probabilities” approach and we provide an approach for running stochastic simulations with switching between equilibria on the simulated path. A policy application studies a New Keynesian model with a zero lower bound on nominal interest rates and multiple equilibria, including a “bad” solution based on self-fulfilling pessimistic expectations. A price-level targeting rule does not always eliminate the bad solution, but it shrinks the indeterminacy region substantially and improves stabilization and welfare relative to more conventional interest rate rules or forward guidance.