Hydraulic fracturing generates large volumes of flowback and produced water, composed of complex mixtures of organic and inorganic constituents. The solids associated with these fluids are Fe-rich and can contain toxic organics, heavy metals and naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs). Despite this, only a few studies have analysed their composition and there is a lack of understanding about their interactions with microbial communities and their long-term fate in the environment. In this study, we analysed the solids associated with flowback water derived from a hydraulically fractured well in the Bowland Shale, UK. We also investigated the microbial reduction of these Fe(III)-rich materials under anaerobic conditions using anthraquinone-2.6-disulfonate (AQDS) as an electron shuttle and identified the resulting bioreduced mineral phases. XRD characterization indicated that the solids contained akaganeite (β-FeOOH, Cl) and Ba-bearing celestine (SrSO4). These Fe(III)-containing solids served as an electron acceptor for Shewanella frigidimarina and a flowback-derived Fe(III)-reducing enrichment culture. The bioreduced Fe(II)-bearing mineral phase was identified as ankerite [Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2]; however, the presence of amorphous mineral phases is not ruled out. Microbial community composition was analysed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) most closely related to Chromohalobacter, Caminicella and putative Fe(III)-reducing genera were dominant across treatments. Our findings highlight the potential of these Fe(III)-bearing sludges to be harnessed for the development of wastewater treatment strategies; for example, coupling the oxidation of toxic organics with Fe(III) reduction through either the introduction of microbial inocula or biostimulation of the native microbial communities. Furthermore, microbial processing can also be optimized to transform the Fe(III) sludges into denser materials, which are easier to handle and can immobilize toxic metals, thereby reducing the toxicity of this waste.

Geophytes are hardy, resilient plants that are tolerant of cold temperatures and drought and are well documented as a reliable food source for hunter-gatherers worldwide. Human settlement patterns and foraging behaviors have long been associated with the use of nutrient-dense geophytes rich in carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Indigenous communities in the northern Great Basin developed cultural practices centered around gathering, preparing, and consuming important geophytic plants. These practices became deeply embedded in their cultural identity, forming rituals, stories, and traditions that persist today. Although there is strong ethnographic precedent for the significance of geophytes, finding evidence of their use in the archaeological record remains a challenge. This study analyzed archaeological starch residue extracted from bedrock metates in the uplands of Warner Valley, Oregon. Systematic studies of starch granules collected from extant plant communities growing near archaeological sites were applied to the identification of archaeological granules. Starch granules from geophytes, specifically Lomatium spp. (biscuitroot), were identified on metate surfaces at all sites, thus providing direct evidence for the collection and processing of geophyte vegetables. Evidence of geophyte plant processing on bedrock metates contributes to archaeological theories about subsistence strategies, food-processing technologies, social organization, and cultural practices in past human societies.

The presence of new religious movements (NRMs) is often fraught with tensions and confrontations. Depicted as foreign elements and “cults” they face opposition demanding to restrict their activities. NRMs in Israel, despite small numbers, raised concerns and objections, attributed among other things to the dominance and power of Orthodox religion. Gradually, however NRMs managed to establish themselves in Israel and to successfully deflect the opposition to their presence. In this work, based on interviews and media reports, we explore two strategies that enabled the movements in Israel to minimize rejection and opposition to their presence. The first, based on a republican concept of citizenship, included the adoption of Zionist ideology and taking part in settlement ethos and military service. The second, based on neoliberal concept of citizenship, fits well with more current trends in Israel, offers paths to economic advancement and social mobilization through education and ethos of success.

Written accounts suggest there were major changes in agricultural practices in Anatolia as the region switched between Roman, Byzantine, Arab and Turkic control, yet archaeological evidence of these changes is offered only on a site-by-site basis. This article presents the first synthesis of archaeobotanical, palynological and zooarchaeological evidence for changes in plant and animal husbandry in Anatolia through the first and second millennia AD. Available data indicate a minimal role of climate change in agricultural shifts but offer evidence for substantial changes towards short-term-return agricultural strategies in response to declining personal security, changing patterns of military provisioning and distinct taxation regimes.

In his operas, Mozart followed contemporary practice by using the clarinet to set the mood for amorous scenes, but he adapted this into a new kind of topic that dramatises his characters’ changing self-knowledge and growing enlightenment. In so doing, he emphasised both their recognition of their true feelings and the political and moral implications for their subsequent actions. This is exemplified in La clemenza di Tito, in which a clarinet (or basset horn) serves as an important soloistic voice whose dialogue with the protagonist illuminates their inner struggles with conflicting emotional, social and political realities as they move towards new understanding.

This article notes the appearance of the same sermons on Romans viii.15–16 in the nineteenth-century editions of both James Ussher and Richard Sibbes. It explores the sources on which these editions rest and the publication history of The saints cordials, the contents of which were too uncritically accepted by Sibbes's nineteenth-century editor, A. B. Grosart. Manuscript evidence is employed to argue that three items in Grosart's edition of Sibbes should be attributed to Ussher, and the provenance of a further eleven is questioned. The article concludes with a survey of the appearance of the disputed material in modern Sibbes scholarship.

Foraging traces associated with the web-footed avian footprint ichnotaxon Presbyornithiformipes feduccii are described. Four new ichnospecies in three new ichnogenera are established to identify and describe the traces that resulted from foraging behaviors. All four ichnotaxa are, in places, overprinted by P. feduccii footprints and occur either laterally to, or sinuously woven between, P. feduccii trackways and therefore were clearly emplaced by the P. feduccii tracemaker.

Erevnoichnus blochi new ichnogenus new ichnospecies is established for a series of pits, joined by a marginal groove, that are associated with web-footed bird trackways. This ichnotaxon is interpreted to record regular probing/gaping as a waterbird swept its head from side to side searching for food. Erevnoichnus strimmena n. igen. new ichnospecies is established for en-echelon, gently arcuate grooves produced through forward probing by a waterbird searching for food. Ravdosichnus guntheri new ichnogenus new ichnospecies is established for simple grooves with u-shaped profiles produced when a waterbird dragged its bill backwards through the sediment. Aptosichnus diatarachi new ichnogenus new ichnospecies is established for a broad, shallow groove/trough characterized by sinuous margins and a complex, irregular fill. It is interpreted to record thorough bill stirring in an area with common prey.

All four ichnotaxa named herein are interpreted to record tactile feeding behavior by a marginal lacustrine waterbird searching for prey. Their association with Presbyornithiformipes feduccii suggests that the purported tracemaker, Presbyornis pervetus, did not forage solely through filter-feeding but was also capable of tactile foraging for larger prey.

UUID: www.zoobank.org/42c5d24b-6e9a-45da-9a48-78f8f040311c

This study tests the hypothesis that alternation patterns with strong lexical support are more robust than those with no, or weak, lexical support. Focusing on three alternation patterns in Korean with varying productivity and generality, we measured lexical support in two ways. First, we conducted an acceptability-rating experiment investigating Korean speakers’ judgements on non-words with and without violations of the phonotactic constraints motivating the alternations. In addition, we performed a simulation of learning a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) Harmonic Grammar from a dictionary corpus. The results of the experiment and computational modelling confirmed the hypothesis by showing that if an alternation is robust, its associated phonotactic constraint is learned with a high weight from the MaxEnt simulation, and it affects the participants’ well-formedness ratings for non-words. Consequently, the results of this research support the claim of a tight link between alternations and phonotactics.

Having conquered a vast multi-lingual domain, the Mongols needed to devise a means of communication with the population. In earlier Chinese dynasties, individuals had translated Buddhist texts, treaties, and commercial agreements, but the Mongols in China founded government agencies and recruited Chinese and non-Chinese interpreters and translators to provide these services. Attempting to unify his lands, Khubilai Khan, who founded the Yuan dynasty, commissioned ‘Phags-pa, a Tibetan Buddhist monk, to develop a written script that could be used for many languages. Despite repeated injunctions from the Yuan court, the script was used almost solely for such government issuances as paper money, seals, and paiza, objects which were markers of status or permission for a variety of activities or to ensure safe passage through the Mongol domains. Linguistic unity, via the ‘Phags-pa script or a lingua franca eluded the Mongols, although Persian and Turkic were employed for specific purposes. The succeeding Ming dynasty learned from the Mongols of the need for translators and interpreters and established colleges of translators and interpreters.

We give a simple way to study the isotypical components of the homology of simplicial complexes with actions of finite groups and use it for Milnor fibres of isolated complete intersection singularity (icis). We study the homology of images of mappings ft that arise as deformations of complex map germs $f:(\mathbb{C}^n,S)\to(\mathbb{C}^p,0)$, with n < p, and the behaviour of singularities (instabilities) in this context. We study two generalizations of the notion of image Milnor number µI given by Mond and give a workable way of compute them, in corank one, with Milnor numbers of icis. We also study two unexpected traits when $p \gt n+1$: stable perturbations with contractible image and homology of $\text{im} f_t$ in unexpected dimensions. We show that Houston’s conjecture, µI constant in a family implies excellency in Gaffney’s sense, is false, but we give a correct modification of the statement of the conjecture which we also prove.

The law is commonly described as one of the major forces shaping contemporary correctional institutions. However, we still lack a satisfactory understanding of how it has affected power relations behind bars. Drawing from two ethnographies of French correctional facilities, this article finds that changes to the material environment where incarcerated people and correctional staff interact have altered the relational economy of prisons and jails more than legal actions have. To avoid litigation, prison administrators design and use countless graphic artifacts, which has further reshaped the adversarial nature of social relations in prisons and jails. This bureaucratic approach has introduced the form of the law into the most banal of everyday communications between prisoners and authorities, replacing the informal asymmetrical interpersonal negotiations that have traditionally maintained order. Building on Robert Kagan’s typology of modes of policy making and dispute resolution, I re-examine power relations in contemporary French prisons and jails as a tension between formal and informal framings as well as hierarchical and participatory organizations of authority. I call this hybrid relational economy, where the force of the law lies mostly in its formal shadow, adversarial formalism.

This research proposes a novel conceptual framework that combines the concepts of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Ambient Intelligence (AmI). The proposed framework aims to shed light on the importance of considering the needs and the social interactions of various building occupants in different types of buildings and designing HBI strategies accordingly. Specifically, we take educational buildings as a case that is less explored in the HBI research and apply the proposed framework, investigating how HBI strategies and interactions should be designed to address the needs of students, as primary occupants. Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted among students in a flagship smart engineering building at Virginia Tech. Qualitative coding and concept mapping were used to analyze the qualitative data and determine the impact of occupant-specific needs on the learning experience of students. “Finding study space” was found to have the highest direct impact on the learning experience of students, and “Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ)” was found to have the highest indirect impact. The results show a clear need to integrate occupant needs in designing HBI strategies in different types of buildings. Finally, we discuss new ideas for designing potential Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) to address the identified needs.