We give a simplified version of the proofs that, outside of their isolated vertices, the complement of the enhanced power graph and of the power graph are connected and have diameter at most $3$.

The knowledge on decapod crustaceans considerably increased in recent years, including that of the glypheid lobsters, known from the Early Jurassic to the present. On the basis of known occurrences worldwide, we analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of 86 species of the family Glypheidae and provide a general description of their history since the Early Jurassic. The first records are from low- to mid-paleolatitude localities of central Europe, around the margins of northern Tethys. During the Early Jurassic they diversified fast, and by Pliensbachian/Toarcian times they already had a wide paleolatitudinal range in both hemispheres. After a short decline in late Toarcian–Aalenian, they reached the highest diversity of their history during Oxfordian times and can be regarded as Jurassic cosmopolitans. After a diversity decline and occurrence gap during the earliest Cretaceous, they recovered again in the Barremian, but they were clearly beginning to be less diverse than before in the Tethys, to the point that by the Campanian their known occurrences were confined to high paleolatitudes. They survived the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis but in Paleocene and Eocene times remained restricted to cold waters, being seemingly absent from low paleolatitudes. For a long time, the group was thought to be extinct about 50 million years ago, until two extant species were discovered in the deep Pacific. We also add to the knowledge of the only South American Jurassic Glypheidae known so far, the Toarcian Paraglyphea eureka (Damborenea and Manceñido, 1987) on the basis of newly collected material, discussing its significance and taphonomy.

Changing attitudes to government debt influenced a recent High Court judgement on the National Fund, a British charity set up in 1928 with donations left to accumulate until they grew sufficient to repay in full the National Debt of the United Kingdom. Based on a belief that the Fund would never become large enough, the Attorney General in 2018 applied under cy-près jurisdiction to allow the charity to repay only part of the National Debt. The argument was that changing attitudes to debt have rendered the charity’s aim impracticable, even though it was at the time it was set up.

This article articulates a regional, diachronic approach to precontact central Andean tombs by interpreting differences in materiality and function as evidence for distinct religious traditions. I analyze a sample of 788 tombs from 30 sites in the Sacred Valley and adjacent tributary valleys (Cusco, Peru), built and used during the Late Intermediate and Inka periods (ca. AD 1000–1532). Combining primary and published datasets, this sample includes a wide variety of tombs that variably facilitated or impeded certain interactions and relationships between the living, the dead, and the environment. To understand this diversity, I develop a typology comprising six tomb types based on morphological traits, which exhibit overlapping distribution patterns at local and regional scales. In contrast to studies that emphasized commonality and timelessness in central Andean mortuary practices, these data attest to considerable diversity in belief and value systems during half a millennium. As such, this study challenges existing models and presents new interpretations of late precontact tombs, considering that central Andeans across time and space held divergent beliefs about life and death. Recognizing diversity in past and present Indigenous societies is required for an empirical and decolonial archaeology that rejects stereotypes of cultural homogeneity.

This article examines the central-local relation between China's unitary and socialist state and its capitalist Special Administrative Region (SAR) of Hong Kong, and considers that, notwithstanding the centralised system underpinning the relationship, Chinese central decision-making in respect of Hong Kong could raise issues of legitimacy. This article focuses on the decision-making of China's National People's Congress and its Standing Committee between 2016 and 2021, purportedly pursuant to the Chinese Constitution and the Hong Kong Basic Law (the instruments providing for Hong Kong's different systems). Upon examination, this article argues that legitimacy-based inhibition, restriction, and resistance arises in relation to the legal control exercised by the Chinese central authorities over Hong Kong. This is made possible by the ‘conditionality’ of the Basic Law, framed as the implementation of China's policies for the return of Hong Kong on 1 July 1997, and by the nurturing of the perceived pluralistic premise of the policy of ‘One Country, Two Systems’ by Hong Kong's common law judges and lawyers in their interpretation and application of the ‘imposed constitution’ of the Basic Law.

We introduce the concept of pseudo-trisections of smooth oriented compact 4-manifolds with boundary. The main feature of pseudo-trisections is that they have lower complexity than relative trisections for given 4-manifolds. We prove existence and uniqueness of pseudo-trisections, and further establish a one-to-one correspondence between pseudo-trisections and their diagrammatic representations. We next introduce the concept of pseudo-bridge trisections of neatly embedded surfaces in smooth oriented compact 4-manifolds. We develop a diagrammatic theory of pseudo-bridge trisections and provide examples of computations of invariants of neatly embedded surfaces in 4-manifolds using said diagrams.

India’s nutrition transition has led to an increased burden of overweight/obesity (body mass index of ≥23 kg/m2), driven by lifestyle factors like poor diet, inactivity, and substance use, prompting public health interventions. However, these interventions lack supporting evidence, especially in rural areas, hindering effective strategies for this population. To address this evidence gap, this study used cohort data (baseline: 2018–19, follow-up: 2022–23) from the Birbhum Population Project (West Bengal, India) to analyse lifestyle risk factors and their association with incidence and remission of overweight/obesity among adults aged ≥18 years (sample: 8,974). Modified Poisson regression model was employed to attain the study objective. From 2017–2018 to 2022–2023, the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased from 15.2% (95% CI: 14.1%–16.4%) to 21.0% (95% CI: 19.7%–22.3%) among men and from 24.1% (95% CI: 22.9%–25.2%) to 33.8% (95% CI: 32.5%–35.1%) among women. Overall, 23.0% (95% CI: 21.8%–24.3%) of adults experienced incidence of overweight/obesity, while 13.9% (95% CI: 12.4%–15.6%) experienced remission. Use of motor vehicles among unemployed participants was associated with incident overweight/obesity (relative risk or RR: 1.058; 95% CI: 1.023–1.095; P: 0.001). Vigorous activity at home (including gardening, yard work, and household chores) was linked to higher odds of recovering from overweight/obesity (RR: 1.065; 95% CI: 1.008–1.125; P: 0.025). Frequent tobacco use (often/daily vs. none) was inversely associated with remission of overweight-obesity (RR: 0.689; 95% CI: 0.484–0.980; P: 0.038), as was each 1 ml in alcohol consumption (RR: 0.995; 95% CI: 0.991–0.999; P: 0.022). Discouraging habitual motor vehicle use may help prevent overweight/obesity, while promoting home-based activities may aid remission, particularly for women who are at higher risk for overweight/obesity.

In this article, we present a simulation tool for modeling a quasi-optical bench for material characterization. The model uses a Gaussian beam expansion and tracking analysis, together with a modal analysis to enable a comparison of the simulated reflection and transmission S-parameters to the ones measured with a 4-port vector network analyzer. A Thru-Reflect-Line calibration is performed to de-embed the simulated S-parameters of a dielectric slab located between two lens antennas, showing good agreement with the analytical slab model used for experimental permittivity extraction.

This report describes a delayed recognition of mpox in a patient admitted to an inpatient psychiatry unit, resulting in potential exposures to staff and patients. We detail the investigation and risk mitigation efforts and emphasize the importance of prompt identification and isolation in congregate healthcare settings to prevent transmission.

Redundant and low-value cerebrospinal fluid analysis for suspected meningitis can increase costs and antimicrobial use. Our diagnostic stewardship intervention limited available infectious disease cerebrospinal fluid assays to seven common tests, including a multiplex polymerase chain reaction panel. There was no significant difference in the cost of testing or clinical outcomes.

Psychosocial stimulation is one of the recommended interventions in the management of hospitalised children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM). However, there is currently limited scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of the intervention. The study aimed to examine the effects of psychosocial stimulation on the development, nutrition, and treatment outcomes of hospitalised SAM children. A cluster-randomised controlled trial was conducted among health facilities that provide inpatient care for children with SAM in Silti Zone, Ethiopia. Fifty-eight children enrolled in the intervention facilities were provided stimulation intervention during their inpatient care and for 6 months after discharge. Sixty-eight children enrolled from control health facilities received routine inpatient care without stimulation and were followed for six months. Health education was provided to all caregivers on child health-related topics. Child development and nutrition outcomes were assessed four times using Denver II-Jimma and anthropometric measurements while the length of hospitalisation was used to measure treatment outcome. Children in the intervention group showed significantly better scores in Personal Social (p=0.001, effect size=0.77), Fine Motor (p=0.001, effect size=1.87), and Gross Motor (p=0.001, effect size=0.78) developmental domains from baseline to end line. Language domain however showed a significant difference only after discharge and intervention children scored better at six months (p<0.001, effect size=0.59). The intervention significantly improved treatment outcomes (p=0.010), but no significant changes in nutritional outcomes were documented. The findings highlighted the benefits of the intervention and the need to promote these interventions in health facilities within resource-limited settings.

This article examines the relationship between legality and legitimacy in postcolonial constitution-making, focusing on Singapore's two stages of sovereignty transfer from colonial rule to independent statehood: its decolonisation from Britain in 1963, achieved through merger with Malaysia, and its separation from Malaysia in 1965. The article shows how different forms of legitimacy were established and sustained during these transitions. The first independence was characterised by legal continuity and political legitimacy, solidified through peaceful negotiations and the strategic use of a 1962 referendum that helped mitigate internal opposition. By contrast, the second independence in 1965 was a ‘legal revolution’, as neither the Malaysian Federal Constitution nor the State of Singapore Constitution 1963 provided for secession and the People's Action Party (PAP) government lacked an explicit public mandate to negotiate the secession. This break in legal continuity required new sources of (revolutionary) legitimacy, which the PAP government secured through subsequent electoral dominance, constitutional consolidation, and political manoeuvres. This article underscores the fact that legitimacy in making, amending, and consolidating constitutions is inherently transient and unstable, requiring continuous renewal through various political and legal mechanisms.