English Medium Instruction (EMI) is a burgeoning field of interest for researchers and practitioners; however, to date its sociocultural and political implications have not been widely considered. This book addresses that concern by situating EMI within wider sociopolitical contexts of knowledge and language. It foregrounds the notion of “Critical EMI,” bringing together applied linguists to revisit EMI in higher education from critical sociocultural perspectives. The notion of criticality is conceptualized as an attempt at addressing issues of ideology, policy, identity, social justice, and the politics of English. The chapters explore Critical EMI concerns in diverse settings across five continents, and present insights for the theory, research, policy, and practice of EMI. The book also problematizes the neocolonial spread and dominance of English through EMI. Calling for an explicit and inclusive EMI praxis, it is essential reading for researchers of applied linguistics and English language education, as well as teacher practitioners.

Although Parkinson’s disease (PD) is most associated with and diagnosed by the presence of motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms (NMS) can often be the most debilitating for patients. Highly prevalent among non-motor features are neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), including depression, anxiety, psychosis, impulse control disorders, apathy and cognitive impairment, the latter being particularly burdensome and occurring in the majority of PD patients long term. The neurobiological underpinnings of NPS are a mix of disease-related, other neurodegenerative disease processes, PD treatment effects and psychosocial factors. NPS can be difficult to recognize and diagnose in PD patients; therefore, PD-specific assessments have been developed to better identify and treat them. Treatment strategies are a mix of those used in the general population for these conditions and those specific to PD, and are a combination of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. Although significant advances have been made in our understanding and management of NPS in PD, etiology or biologically informed management strategies are needed to further advance the field.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is one of the most effective tools in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Being a last-resort therapy for many years, it recently advanced to a valuable option in moderate and even earlier stages. Different nuclei of the basal ganglia have been successfully targeted with various effects, risks and stimulation-induced side effects. Advances in implantation technique and accuracy, neuroimaging and implant technology helped make DBS a mostly safe and successful procedure, although the full potential of recent technical advantages such as directional stimulation, brain sensing or remote programming have yet to be fully explored.

Vascular parkinsonism (VP) is a clinical entity within the broader context of parkinsonian syndromes and usually manifests with an array of clinical features including a mainly lower body motor parkinsonism with a gait disorder, corticospinal and pseudobulbar signs and symptoms, urinary incontinence, dementia, and pyramidal and cerebellar signs. As the name suggests, etiologically VP may be defined as a secondary parkinsonian syndrome occurring in relation to ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Treatment for VP remains challenging as available data on the efficacy of current treatment options are contentious. VP is generally considered to be poorly responsive to levodopa, the most effective of the current treatment modalities for parkinsonism; however, there is evidence that some patients benefit from therapy with levodopa, especially in case of underlying ischemic or hemorrhagic lesions in the substantia nigra, globus pallidus pars externa, thalamic ventral lateral nuclei, or nigrostriatal pathway, leading to presynaptic dopamine transporter deficiency as measured by single photon emission computed tomography.

To most contributors in this volume, international organizations (IOs) act both as agents of, and inhibitors of peaceful change. This leaves the task of identifying exactly how and why they foster or inhibit peaceful change to empirical analysis and mid-level theorizing. Yet, as Ian Hurd points out in his chapter, understanding the deep power politics at play in institutionalized peaceful change requires a higher level of theorizing. This concluding chapter takes stock of the collective findings in light of Hurd’s cautionary tale and suggests future avenues of research engaging with postpositivist, relational, and critical theories. It identifies three main areas in need of further theorizing: the agents, the stakes, and the processes of peaceful change. It argues that such further theorizing would not only shed light on transformative processes of maximalist peaceful change which are yet to be fully explored in this volume, but it would also help develop a more pluralistic research agenda.

The introduction offers an overview of the book and discusses why studying first ladies matters.

This chapter unpacks the complex relationship between international organizations and peaceful change in the international system through various perspectives on international relations. We identify three types of peaceful change associated with international organizations: institutional change within IOs, interactional change among IOs, and transitional change involving IOs and power dynamics in the international system. The latter has the potential to bring about a “maximalist peaceful change,” resulting in profound positive changes in international relations and human life. However, it also carries significant risks. As great power rivalry intensifies and challenges to the existing liberal international order grow, understanding the role of international organizations in promoting or hindering peaceful change becomes crucial. This chapter serves as an introduction to the volume, providing an overview of its content and summarizing the major findings of other chapters. The book not only diagnoses the ability of international organizations to facilitate order transitions but also offers suggestions to address their current shortcomings in promoting peaceful change.

This chapter examines the ideologies of language use in the context of an EMI university in multilingual Hong Kong from the perspectives of a group of international students. Based on the findings of the study, the chapter shows that international students’ ideologies of language use in the EMI university classroom are much more complex and nuanced than what is written in the institution’s official language policy documents. The majority of international students are found to hold ideologies of English as the default language for university education and English monolingualism as the norm in the EMI classroom. However, there is also evidence of varying degrees of acceptability of multilingual language practices in the classroom. The chapter draws attention to the complex ways in which international students’ language ideologies intersect with their concerns about social exclusion, linguistic disadvantage and educational inequality in the EMI classroom. It also demonstrates how their language ideologies contribute to sustaining and reproducing linguistic hegemony and social injustice in EMI higher education.

We live in a turbulent world observed through coarse-grained lenses. Coarse graining (CG), however, is not only a limit but also a need imposed by the enormous amount of data produced by modern simulations. Target audiences for our survey are graduate students, basic research scientists, and professionals involved in the design and analysis of complex turbulent flows. The ideal readers of this book are researchers with a basic knowledge of fluid mechanics, turbulence, computing, and statistical methods, who are disposed to enlarging their understanding of the fundamentals of CG and are interested in examining different methods applied to managing a chaotic world observed through coarse-grained lenses.

Political monuments are characterized by visual materiality that allows for and indeed invites engagement; the claim for permanence; and the force of visual presence. Caesar’s monuments, especially on the Capitol, signalled a decidedly new quality of presence irreconcilable with the fine balance of individual achievement and public recognition. The rules behind this balance were flexible, but collective consensus always retained the upper hand. The balance tipped only with Pompey’s enormous theatre complex on the Campus Martius. The complex created a new type of public space, and it set the precedent for Caesar, who took on the challenge of competition with his own Forum project. Such an omnipresent dynamic of increase provoked heavy polemics and fierce conflict, but this violence was not only tolerated but reckoned with as a possibility from the very start. It appeared more appropriate to accept repeated violation of tradition while still affirming it than to develop a fundamentally different, new ‘system’ of norms and behaviours. The mode of permanent transgression was indicative not only of a political culture in crisis but also of a culture of crisis.

There is a growing concern about the evolution of violent extremism in the digital era. This chapter presents historical progression and current state of how extremists have used digital advancements to increase their reach and influence for their own nefarious purposes. This chapter also discusses the challenges due to encryption and the need for a strategic collaboration and comprehensive whole-of-society approach to combat the threats effectively.

The 1870s was a critical period for the transformation of British aestheticism into a mainstream phenomenon that both commodified and parodied its avant-garde origins. This transformation unfolds through three representative controversies: the 1870 publication of Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s Poems, which was savaged by Robert Buchanan in his review ‘The Fleshly School of Poetry’; the appearance of Walter Pater’s Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873), which pitted an avant-garde aesthetics against conventional art historical criticism; and the notorious libel trial of 1878, in which John Ruskin’s attack on James McNeill Whistler’s painting Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket led to a legal dispute that hinged on the definition of art itself. All three episodes reveal a doubleness at the heart of aestheticism: it is committed to both idealised abstraction and concrete embodiment. This doubleness underlies aestheticism’s status as an arcane philosophy that nonetheless manifests itself in highly recognisable and commmercialisable popular forms.

Construction Grammar offers several assets that foster the learning and teaching of foreign languages. The constructionist approach focuses on well-entrenched form–meaning mappings of different degrees of complexity and abstraction. Thus, if learners have acquired the syntax and semantics of specific foreign constructions, they should be able to understand the semantic motivation behind the syntactic forms and infer the meaning of new instantiations. Moreover – an economical principle in the learning process – these units can be learned as part of a network of semantically related constructions. In learning L2-constructions, construction-based teaching strategies can be implemented, that is, the scaffolding strategy, structural priming and embodied construction practice. The scaffolding strategy elaborates on the semantic link between constructions of different degrees of syntactic complexity and on the family resemblance concept. Structural priming focuses on the creative repetition of similar structures with different slot-fillers. Finally, embodied practice applies to constructions referring to concrete events which can be represented with pictures or objects or can be enacted.

This chapter presents simple and reachable coalgebras and constructions of the simple quotient of a coalgebra and the reachable part of a pointed one. It introduces well-pointed coalgebras: those which are both reachable and simple. Well-pointed coalgebras constitute a coalgebraic formulation of minimality of state-based systems. For set functors preserving intersections, we prove that the terminal coalgebra is formed by all well-pointed coalgebras, and the initial algebra by all well-founded, well-pointed coalgebras (both considered up to isomorphism) with canonical structures.