The framers of the Indian Constitution laid explicit foundation for horizontal application, specifically in Articles 15, 17, 23, and 24. The constitutional debates reveal deep disagreements about the country’s future. At the same time, the textual provisions for horizontal application evince a clear vision on the part of key framers, such as B. R. Ambedkar and Jawaharlal Nehru, to combat entrenched systems of caste and discrimination. These and other framers aimed to instill a new fraternity across the polity, in part by holding private actors accountable for constitutional commitments. In the ensuing years, the Supreme Court vacillated between emphasizing the constitution’s conservative and transformative elements, often under the watchful eye of other governing institutions. For example, the Court largely yielded to Indira Gandhi’s excesses during the Emergency Era of the 1970s, and later to the Hindu-nationalist BJP’s agenda. Likewise, the Court’s development of horizontal application has been somewhat uneven, applying constitutional duties to private actors in a handful of cases. In those instances, involving such salient issues as labor, sexual assault, housing, and education, the constitutional discourses that emerge echo republican rationales from the founding era.

Platform governance and regulation have been salient political issues in Brazil for years, particularly as part of Congress’ response to democratic threats posed by former President Bolsonaro. The question became even more important after the January 8th attempted insurrection in Brasília, which many blame on social media. This includes the newly installed Lula administration. In a letter read on the February 2023 UNESCO “Internet for Trust” global conference, the President, now in his third (non-consecutive) term in office wrote that the attack on the nation’s seats of power was “the culmination of a campaign, initiated much before, and that used, as ammunition, lies and disinformation,” which “was nurtured, organized, and disseminated through several digital platforms and messaging apps.” The new administration has made platform regulation a policy priority, with regulatory and administrative pushes across the board. Brazil has been a battleground where proposals for platform responsibility have been advanced — and disputed.

We introduce a novel sustainable capital instrument: the skin-in-the-game bond. With features inspired by contingent convertibles (CoCos), this bond is an alternative for the green, social, sustainability and sustainability-linked bonds available on the market. A skin-in-the-game bond is linked to the performance of a benchmark that relates to the broad concept of sustainability in at least one of its pillars, being the environment (E), society (S) or corporate governance (G). When the benchmark hits a preset trigger level, (part of) the bond’s face value is withheld and directed into a government-controlled fund by the issuer. The skin-in-the-game bond offers a higher yield to investors than a standard corporate bond, in order to compensate for the risk of losing out on (part of) the investment. Both issuer and investor have skin-in-the-game; the embedded financial penalty incentivizes the preservation of a favourable benchmark value. In this work, we elaborate on the general concept of a skin-in-the-game bond, as well as on a tailored valuation model, illustrated by two examples: the ESG and nuclear skin-in-the-game bonds.

Inequality in higher education English Medium Instruction (EMI) is mainly discussed in Global South contexts, where socioeconomic status and rural–urban contrasts are often identified as the main drivers. In this chapter we present the situation of EMI inequalities in three very different national contexts – Ethiopia, Poland, and Japan – with provision of empirical evidence in support of arguments made. The authors have been involved in researching EMI in these contexts and issues of inequalities arose in our data as important concerns that should be discussed. In this chapter we promote the argument that, contrary to education ministries’ insistence, EMI may present limited opportunities or, where socioeconomic issues can be overcome, it may present new opportunities for marginalised populations in certain disciplines. We argue that EMI should not be heralded as a solution to any range of problems, emphasising that even across a range of socioeconomies EMI brings opportunities only for certain sectors of the population. We conclude with suggestions for how EMI might be used more effectively to achieve the goals it is often intended for.

This chapter takes the iterative construction of initial algebras into the transfinite, generalizing work in Chapters 2 and 4. It begins with a brief presentation of ordinals, cardinals, regular cardinals, and Zermelo’s Theorem: Monotone functions on chain-complete posets have least fixed points obtainable by iteration. When a category has colimits of chains, if an endofunctor preserves colimits of chains of some ordinal length, then the initial-algebra chain converges in the same number of steps. We discuss the precise length of that iterative construction. We introduce the concept of smooth monomorphisms, providing a relation between iteration inside a subobject poset and in the ambient category. We prove the Initial Algebra Theorem: Under natural assumptions related to smoothness, the existence of a pre-fixed point of an endofunctor guarantees the existence of an initial algebra.

Following a brief historical overview of the birth of the organised movement, Chapter 1 introduces literary figures and texts promoted by antivivisection periodicals such as the Zoophilist, the Home Chronicler, and the Animals Guardian. Adopting a literary-critical approach offers a fresh perspective on the movement’s association pamphlets and periodicals which have, thus far, largely been examined as historical documents. Poems, stories, and ‘humane words’ from notable writers were sourced and deployed to shape a common antivivisectionist identity, articulate the movement’s ideology, and mobilise activists. Analysis of antivivisection poems by Christina Rossetti, Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson, and Robert Buchanan is complemented by attention to the framing and reception of these works in antivivisection publications and the wider press.

The present work is intended as a proposition for a new research program for rigorous physical subgrid-scale (SGS) modeling on the combined basis of (i) the Germano identity (ii) and Lie symmetries, which are the axiomatic foundation of classical mechanics. First, new results are presented in this regard. The basic idea here is based on the Germano identity and the fundamental assumption in that the SGS model is just a functional of the resolved scales $\overline{U}$, that is, in the usual notation ${\tau }_{ij}^{\text{SGS}}={\tau }_{ij}^{\text{SGS}}(\overline{U})$, although this can of course also be generalized.

This alone defines a new functional equation of the form ${\tau }_{ik}[\tilde{\tilde{U}}]-\widetilde{{\tau }_{ik}[\overline{U}]}-\widetilde{{\overline{U}}_i{\overline{U}}_k}+{\tilde{\overline{U}}}_i{\tilde{\overline{U}}}_k\equiv 0$ for the SGS model, if the residual error in the Germano identity is set exactly to zero. This is in contrast to the usual dynamic procedure, where a given SGS model is introduced into the Germano identity and the residual error is minimized according to a given norm. The resulting functional equation for ${\tau }_{ij}^{\text{SGS}}(\overline{U})$ defines a new class of model equations. The solution of the aforementioned equation for the SGS model ${\tau }_{ij}^{\text{SGS}}$ using homogenization transform and Fourier transform shows an extremely large variety of potential solutions, that is, SGS models, which at the same time addresses the classical question of how the shape of the test filter as well as the SGS model are related to each other. The analysis quite naturally shows that the proposed analysis focuses solely on the nonlinear term of the Navier–Stokes equations. For physically realizable SGS models, the very large variety of solutions is restricted by means of the classical as well as statistical Lie symmetries of the filtered Navier–Stokes equations. The latter describes the intermittency and non-Gaussian behavior of turbulence. The symmetries can be used decidedly here, that is, it can be selected quite specifically which symmetries are to be fulfilled. A number of models are presented as examples, some of which have similarities to classical models, and also new nonlocal models emerge. As an additional new result we find that the Germano identity can be extended by a divergence-free tensor. The physical meaning of this previously overlooked term needs to be further investigated, but in the classical dynamical procedure the term does not vanish and may be employed profitably, for example, for model optimization. We conclude the presented formulation of a mathematical work program for the development of SGS models based on Lie symmetries and the Germano identity with an extensive outlook for potential further research directions.

Parkinson’s disease (PD), a typical Parkinson syndrome, is seen as a progressive multisystem neurodegenerative disease with α-synuclein–containing Lewy bodies and neurites, affecting 1–2 per 1000 of the global population. The prevailing view of PD etiology is that it is the result of cell-autonomous and non-autonomous processes, starting in the olfactory nerve and the autonomous nervous system of the gut, spreading retrogradely through synaptically coupled networks in a topographically predictable sequence to postsynaptic brainstem neurons, affecting the nuclear grays of the basal midbrain and forebrain and finally the neocortex. Cell-autonomous processes (e.g., mitochondrial damage and a defective autophagy by lysosomal and ubiquitin proteasome systems) result in pathologic accumulation of intracellular α-synuclein oligomers and aggregates. Non–cell-autonomous processes comprise the spread of synucleinic pathology in dying neurons to neighboring dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotinergic, and adrenergic neurons and/or to astrocytes, microglia, and lymphocytes across brain regions, plus decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factors and/or microglial-induced inflammatory responses.

Various in-vitro (induced pluripotent stem cells–derived) and in-vivo genetic models (animal models like Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, zebrafish, rodents, and non-human primates) have been used to study movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, hereditary ataxia, Huntington’s disease, dystonia, and essential tremor. These genetic models have provided important clues on the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of these diseases and serve as useful platforms to unravel potential therapeutic targets. The next generation of genetic models is promising with the advancement of gene-editing techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9, brain organoid technology, and identification of novel genes and loci from large-scale genetic studies will facilitate development of new genetic models.

The first chapter presents evidence in support of the claim that an interest in ruins was never widespread. It had to begin somewhere and at some time. There had also to be certain factors, which are set out in the chapter, that facilitated the interest. The main evidence for a lack of interest in ruins is seen in the motives for tourism in ancient Greece and Rome – indeed, tourism is one of the leading themes of the whole work. The indifference of the Greeks and Romans to ruins is also found in other cultures, notably China’s. What seems to be needed for the ruins of any culture to arouse interest and to make a favourable impression is a gap in the continuity of that culture, such as occurred in Roman culture from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages in Europe. Someone aiming to bridge that gap – a tourist, say – who surveys past Roman culture with a sympathetic eye and an understanding of its achievements is in a position to find the ruins, the material remains of Roman culture, as interesting as any of its other monuments.