The introduction chapter critically reviews the existing literature and introduces a theory of mediated threat, which explains how perceived threats to civic freedoms and institutional autonomy can motivate the masses and reshape the relational structure of the democratic opposition. Our basic proposition is that threats do not instantaneously provoke protests; rather, they require perception and socialization among citizens to potentially trigger mobilization. Different groups of citizens may perceive the same threat in disparate ways, leading not only to varied mobilizational responses but also the formation of new organizations and groups. This alters the relational dynamics of the opposition through which new threats are assessed.

This paper considers the goals of regulators in different countries working on regulating online platforms and how those varied motivations influence the potential for international coordination and cooperation on platform governance. different policy debates and goals surrounding online platform responsibility. The analysis identifies different policy goals related to three different types of obligations that regulators may impose on online platforms: responsibilities to target particular categories of unwanted content, responsibilities for platforms that wield particularly significant influence, and responsibilities to be transparent about platform decision-making. Reviewing the proposals that have emerged in each of these categories across different countries, the paper examines which of these three policy goals present the greatest opportunities for international coordination and agreement and which of them actually require such coordination in order to be effectively implemented. Finally, it considers what lessons can be drawn from existing policy efforts for how to foster greater coordination around areas of common interest related to online platforms.

Intrusion, the second main type of interaction, has comparatively few distinct varieties. The chief reason for this would seem to be that for once considerations of word order or structuring hardly arise. Another contributory factor is that in general the distinctions between the different forms of imagery have little practical relevance here. In particular, the distinction between implicit imagery (i.e. metaphor) and explicit (e.g. simile) is not of much consequence in most cases – with one exception. The exceptional case has already been treated, albeit briefly. In its most rudimentary form, intrusion is confined to comparison and short simile, where a predictable ’N as V’ (or ’more N than V’) is replaced by ’T as V’ (’more T than V’).

Sleep-related movement disorders and disturbances of motor control cover a broad range of conditions with a negative impact on an individual’s quality of sleep and daily functioning: (1) sleep-related movement disorders (e.g., periodic limb movements in sleep, restless limbs/legs syndrome, sleep-related leg cramps, sleep-related bruxism, sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder); (2) sleep-related disturbances of motor control, including (2a) parasomnias, such as RBD, sleepwalking, sleep-related eating disorder, sleep terror, sleep paralysis, (2b) sleep-related epileptic syndromes, such as nocturnal epilepsy with simple motor manifestations, nocturnal epilepsy with complex motor manifestations (sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy), and (2c) sleep-related dissociative disorders/psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. This chapter is designed to be a resource for clinicians, sleep specialists, and researchers, offering a comprehensive overview on the distinct features and characteristics; epidemiologic aspects; underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms; diagnostic criteria; and available treatment/management options of sleep-related movement disorders and sleep-related disturbances of motor control.

Chapter 4 develops readings of Collins, Berdoe, and Hadwen’s novels, and introduces two others: Ouida’s Toxin: A Sketch (1895) and H. G. Wells’s scientific novella The Invisible Man (1897). The preoccupation with legibility extends beyond the textual in literatures of vivisection; by figuratively re-casting bodies as text and by encouraging readers to assume a keen but sympathetic gaze concerned with legible surfaces, these works forward ways of looking allied with alternative sciences such as physiognomy, anthroposcopy, and psychology. Ultimately, however, fictional vivisectors remain simultaneously transparent and opaque. Their powerfully returned gaze is marked by a paradoxical combination of clinical detachment and zealous absorption in the experimental subject in whom they inscribe their own meanings. The greatest threat posed by fictional vivisectors, the chapter argues, is not only that they themselves are unreadable, but that they might make others so too.

Quantifying and assessing the computational accuracy of coarse-graining simulations of turbulence is challenging and imperative to achieve prediction – computations and results with a quantified and adequate degree of uncertainty that can be confidently used in projects without reference data. Verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification (VVUQ) provide the tools and metrics to accomplish such an objective. This chapter reviews these methods and illustrates their importance to coarse-graining models. Toward this end, we first describe the sources of computational errors and uncertainties in coarse-graining simulations of turbulence, followed by the concepts of VVUQ. Next, we utilize the modified equation analysis and the physical interpretation of a complex problem to demonstrate the role of VVUQ in evaluating and enhancing the fidelity and confidence in numerical simulations. This is crucial to achieving predictive rather than postdictive simulations.

Paroxysmal movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of syndromes that produce recurrent attacks of involuntary movements without loss of consciousness as their common feature. In this chapter a very short historical overview is given before discussing the current classification and diagnostic criteria of the three main types of paroxysmal movement disorders: paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia and paroxysmal exercise–induced dyskinesia. During the past two decades, a rapidly growing number of genes that cause paroxysmal movement disorders have been reported. This also challenges the current classification because many genetic forms of paroxysmal dyskinesia can be caused by mutations of the same gene. Nevertheless, a first clinical description and classification appears to be reasonable and important. The chapter also describes the episodic ataxias, along with their genetic background, as well as the non-genetic causes of paroxysmal movement disorders, which include vascular, structural, infectious, inflammatory and metabolic causes. The last part of the chapter deals with a proposed approach to a patient with paroxysmal dyskinesia in daily practice.

The second chapter accounts for the steady ruination of Rome despite attempts at maintenance of the built environment in late antiquity. Fire, earthquake and flood were the chief agents of destruction. Repairs were always needed but became increasingly rare thanks to depopulation and diminishing public revenue. The shift of secular power to Constantinople and the gradual decay of paganism in the face of buoyant Christianity did the public buildings of Rome, especially the temples and places of entertainment, no favours. Stone from such structures began to be recycled for repairs or for the adornment of new buildings, such as churches. Depopulation emptied large sectors of the city within the Aurelian walls, and the abandoned sites were turned into farms and vineyards.

Tremor, which is defined as an oscillatory and rhythmic movement of a body part, is the most common movement disorder worldwide. The most frequent tremor syndromes are tremor in Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, and dystonic tremor syndromes, whereas Holmes tremor, orthostatic tremor, and palatal tremor are less common in clinical practice. The pathophysiology of tremor consists of enhanced oscillatory activity in brain circuits, which are ofen modulated by tremor-related afferent signals from the periphery. The cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit and the basal ganglia play a key role in most neurologic tremor disorders, but with different roles in each disorder. Here we review the pathophysiology of tremor, focusing both on neuronal mechanisms that promote oscillations (automaticity and synchrony) and circuit-level mechanisms that drive and maintain pathologic oscillations.

Chorea is a state of excessive, spontaneous movements, irregularly timed, non-repetitive, randomly distributed, and abrupt in character. The severity of movements may vary from restlessness with mild intermittent exaggeration of gesture and expression, fidgeting movements of the hands, and dance-like gait to a continuous flow of disabling violent movements. The pathogenesis of chorea is mainly related to striatal dysfunction. The classification of the causes of choreatic dyskinesias is complex and involves many clinical entities, both hereditary and acquired. The severity of chorea can be reduced by antipsychotics, tetrabenazine or benzodiazepines.

Critical stances towards English Medium Instruction (EMI), and to a lesser extent the similar use of French, Portuguese and Spanish Medium Instruction in former colonies of European states, have been growing since ‘independence’ in the 1960s. This discussion contextualises ‘Southern’ critiques of EMI within early decolonial debates, ‘southern multilingualisms’ and ‘transknowledging’ (reciprocal translation and exchange of knowledge), which are often invisibilised in EMI. This is illustrated through critiques in two former British territories: the first, with critiques that circulated in Southern Africa from the 1960s; the second, with critiques that surfaced four decades later in Australia. Whereas EMI is readily recognised in South Africa (with 8 per cent L1 English speakers), Australia (with 250 Aboriginal linguistic communities at colonisation and 250 years of in-migration from all continents) is an EMI context for 23–30 per cent of citizens. Aggressive marketing of Australia as an educational destination for students from the Asia-Pacific amplifies its multilingual and EMI reality in higher education. The critique of EMI includes a history of cognitive capture, debt-trap diplomacy and educational failure. Included are key agents that advance EMI, invisibilise multilingualisms and perpetuate coloniality despite the claims of social justice and access that accompany EMI rationales.

Lewy body disease is a common cause of neurodegenerative dementia. The clinical syndrome of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has specific diagnostic, care and management needs, is underrecognized in clinical practice, and often mistaken for Alzheimer’s disease. It may only be identified at autopsy. It typically has a worse prognosis after diagnosis than Alzheimer’s disease. Early, accurate identification is important; improving this at clinical and prodromal stages may assist effective management and reduce patient and caregiver burden. The characteristic clinical features must be recognized: parkinsonism, RBD, fluctuating attention and cognition, complex visual hallucinations. In clinically equivocal cases, diagnosis may be supported by biomarkers specific to Lewy body disease: dopaminergic imaging, cardiac sympathetic imaging, polysomnography. A pattern of cognitive impairment not typical of Alzheimer’s disease may also be seen, with implications for cognitive symptom screening. Screening may be aided by seeking other symptoms of Lewy body disease (hypolfaction, autonomic symptoms, hallucinations other than visual), and other neuropsychiatric symptoms (delusions and mood changes).