Uwe Walter explains how memoria in Rome was rooted in institutions vital to the res publica. Many of these were embedded in an oral context with highly suggestive settings – public speech, the theatre, festival performances, among others. Hence, they had only a limited capacity to store memories and preserve them over time. In similar fashion, buildings and monuments were subject to decay, and with their splendour their memorial force vanished. Historiography was of a different quality. Fabius Pictor attempted to create a unified memory of the res publica, distilled and synthesized from multiple individual and collective repositories of memory across a variety of media – and charged with the authority of the senatorial voice. Two concluding case studies illustrate how Walter envisions the relation between narrative synthesis and the production of meaning: one, the case of L. Marcius Septimus, lower commander during the Punic Wars; and the other the highly politicized episode of ten high-ranking prisoners released after the battle of Cannae by Hannibal on their word of honour that they would raise a ransom in Rome in exchange for their comrades. Each tradition integrated different elements of memory to generate a qualitatively new knowledge of past events.

The conditional legal immunity for hosting unlawful content (safe harbour) provided by Section 79 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act) is central to the regulation of online platforms in India for two reasons. First, absent this immunity, platforms in India risk being secondarily liable for a wide range of civil and criminal offences. Second, the Indian Government has recognised that legal immunity for user-generated content is key to platform operations and has sought to regulate platform behaviour by prescribing several pre-conditions to safe harbour. This chapter examines the different obligations set out in the Intermediary Guidelines and evaluates the efforts of the Indian government to regulate platform behaviour in India through the pre-conditions for safe harbour. This chapter finds that the obligations set out in the Intermediary Guidelines are enforced in a patchwork and inconsistent manner through courts. However, the Indian Government retains powerful controls over content and platform behaviour by virtue of its power to block content under Section 69A of the IT Act and the ability to impose personal liability on platform employees within India.

This book is not an attempt to apply to classical literature the habits of modem literary criticism, but as it might be supposed to be just that, I may as well forestall the supposition at the outset. Despite intermittent efforts in recent times, it is still comparatively rare for practising classicists to attempt such ’applications’ and, if anything, especially rare for Hellenists. But the present work represents something much less fashionable altogether: an attempt by a practising classicist to extend the ’theory’ of an aspect of literature in general in the practical context of the literature of antiquity. But in case the claim should seem unduly immodest, it can be said at once that the ’aspect of literature’ in question is, in itself, a small aspect, although not a trivial one. And by way of glossing the claim, let it be said also that the ’habits of modem literary criticism’ and the theoretical apparatus (if any) that accompanies them are not simply separable from their ’traditional’ counterparts. There is rather, as anyone familiar with the ancestry of modern criticism will know, a developing tradition, complex and many-sided, but continuous, which, in its development, sometimes modifies, sometimes innovates entirely and sometimes reconstitutes, in effect, earlier modes.

Corecursive algebras are algebras that admit unique solutions of recursive equation systems. We study these and a generalization: completely iterative algebras. The terminal coalgebra turns out to be the initial corecursive algebra as well as the initial completely iterative algebra. Dually, the initial algebra is the initial (parametrically) recursive coalgebra. These results explain the title of the chapter. We apply recursive coalgebras in order to obtain a new proof of the Initial Algebra Theorem from Chapter 6.

Well-founded coalgebras generalize well-foundedness for graphs, and they capture the induction principle for well-founded orders on an abstract level. Taylor’s General Recursion Theorem shows that, under hypotheses, every well-founded coalgebra is parametrically recursive. We give a new proof of this result, and we show that it holds for all set functors, and for all endofunctors preserving monomorphisms on a complete and well-powered category with smooth monomorphisms. The converse of the theorem holds for set functors preserving inverse images. We provide an iterative construction of the well-founded part of a given coalgebra: It is carried by the least fixed point of Jacobs’ next-time operator.

This chapter presents a number of sufficient conditions to guarantee that an endofunctor has an initial algebra or a terminal coalgebra. We generalize Kawahara and Mori’s notion of a bounded set functor and prove that for a cocomplete and co-well-powered category with a terminal object, every endofunctor bounded by a generating set has a terminal coalgebra. We use this to show that every accessible endofunctor on a locally presentable category has an initial algebra and a terminal coalgebra. We introduce pre-accessible functors and prove that on a cocomplete and co-well-powered category, the initial-algebra chain of a pre-accessible functor converges, and so the initial algebra exists. If the base category is locally presentable and the functor preserves monomorphisms, then the terminal coalgebra exists.

Hereditary cerebellar ataxia (HA) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the presence of slowly progressive gait ataxia, dysarthria and other cerebellar signs. Detailed clinical history and neurologic as well as systemic examination are key to accurate diagnosis and hierarchical diagnostic investigations. The initial diagnostic evaluation of patients with HA should include a detailed assessment to rule out acquired treatable etiologies. If such a detailed screening is inconclusive, investigations should be directed towards hereditary causes of cerebellar ataxias. Early diagnosis and treatment can lead to favorable outcomes. Disease-specific therapies have emerged for various cerebellar ataxia syndromes including hereditary ones. Despite these advances, management of the majority of HA remains symptomatic. Moreover, there are no US FDA-approved medications for HAs to date. However, there are a few progressive HA conditions that can improve with disease-specific treatment, particularly if initiated early in the disease course. Here, we discuss various hereditary cerebellar ataxia syndromes that are amenable to disease-specific/targeted treatment.

After their rescue from Egyptian slavery, the people of God journey for forty years in the desert, learning the hard lessons of relying on God amidst scarcity, with a place of worship at the center of the community.

Up to this point our concern has been how the ancient historian justifies himself before his audience and attempts to portray himself as the proper person for the writing of history, that is, with his role as narrator rerum. The present chapter examines how he approaches his task when a participant in the deeds he records, and how he reconciles the dual role of actor and auctor rerum. For many historians of the ancient world had the opportunity to be both participant and rememberer. The historian’s formal method of presenting himself has received comparatively little attention, yet it is of interest not only because it tells us something of the way that men who wrote history in the ancient world approached the writing of their own deeds, but also what their concerns were in doing so. It is usually assumed that in order to give authority to his account, an historian who narrated his own deeds used the third person and maintained a show of formal impartiality. But a study of the surviving (and partially surviving) historians reveals a variety of approaches and methods, changing with time, the specific type of history written, and the individual intention of the historian himself.

Tremor is clinically defined by an involuntary rhythmic oscillatory movement of a body part. The most recent 2-axis classification scheme describes a clinical tremor syndrome in axis 1, mainly relying on tremor characteristics (body distribution, activation condition, tremor frequency, regularity, amplitude) and associated signs (isolated versus combined tremor syndromes). Based on further diagnostic tests (blood analysis, imaging, neurophysiology, genetic testing) the etiology is then described in axis 2, which may be acquired, genetic or idiopathic. The most common axis 1 isolated tremor syndromes are essential tremor and enhanced physiologic tremor, characterized by bilateral action tremor of the arms. Combined tremor syndromes relate to the accompanying neurologic sign or are described phenomenologically. These tremor syndromes relate to hyperoscillatory states of distinct networks, with the so-called cerebellar network playing a central role. Depending on the degree of disturbance as well as the additional involvement of other networks, specific tremor phenotypes emerge.

The introduction chapter critically reviews the existing literature and introduces a theory of mediated threat, which explains how perceived threats to civic freedoms and institutional autonomy can motivate the masses and reshape the relational structure of the democratic opposition. Our basic proposition is that threats do not instantaneously provoke protests; rather, they require perception and socialization among citizens to potentially trigger mobilization. Different groups of citizens may perceive the same threat in disparate ways, leading not only to varied mobilizational responses but also the formation of new organizations and groups. This alters the relational dynamics of the opposition through which new threats are assessed.

This paper considers the goals of regulators in different countries working on regulating online platforms and how those varied motivations influence the potential for international coordination and cooperation on platform governance. different policy debates and goals surrounding online platform responsibility. The analysis identifies different policy goals related to three different types of obligations that regulators may impose on online platforms: responsibilities to target particular categories of unwanted content, responsibilities for platforms that wield particularly significant influence, and responsibilities to be transparent about platform decision-making. Reviewing the proposals that have emerged in each of these categories across different countries, the paper examines which of these three policy goals present the greatest opportunities for international coordination and agreement and which of them actually require such coordination in order to be effectively implemented. Finally, it considers what lessons can be drawn from existing policy efforts for how to foster greater coordination around areas of common interest related to online platforms.

Intrusion, the second main type of interaction, has comparatively few distinct varieties. The chief reason for this would seem to be that for once considerations of word order or structuring hardly arise. Another contributory factor is that in general the distinctions between the different forms of imagery have little practical relevance here. In particular, the distinction between implicit imagery (i.e. metaphor) and explicit (e.g. simile) is not of much consequence in most cases – with one exception. The exceptional case has already been treated, albeit briefly. In its most rudimentary form, intrusion is confined to comparison and short simile, where a predictable ’N as V’ (or ’more N than V’) is replaced by ’T as V’ (’more T than V’).

Sleep-related movement disorders and disturbances of motor control cover a broad range of conditions with a negative impact on an individual’s quality of sleep and daily functioning: (1) sleep-related movement disorders (e.g., periodic limb movements in sleep, restless limbs/legs syndrome, sleep-related leg cramps, sleep-related bruxism, sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder); (2) sleep-related disturbances of motor control, including (2a) parasomnias, such as RBD, sleepwalking, sleep-related eating disorder, sleep terror, sleep paralysis, (2b) sleep-related epileptic syndromes, such as nocturnal epilepsy with simple motor manifestations, nocturnal epilepsy with complex motor manifestations (sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy), and (2c) sleep-related dissociative disorders/psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. This chapter is designed to be a resource for clinicians, sleep specialists, and researchers, offering a comprehensive overview on the distinct features and characteristics; epidemiologic aspects; underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms; diagnostic criteria; and available treatment/management options of sleep-related movement disorders and sleep-related disturbances of motor control.

Chapter 4 develops readings of Collins, Berdoe, and Hadwen’s novels, and introduces two others: Ouida’s Toxin: A Sketch (1895) and H. G. Wells’s scientific novella The Invisible Man (1897). The preoccupation with legibility extends beyond the textual in literatures of vivisection; by figuratively re-casting bodies as text and by encouraging readers to assume a keen but sympathetic gaze concerned with legible surfaces, these works forward ways of looking allied with alternative sciences such as physiognomy, anthroposcopy, and psychology. Ultimately, however, fictional vivisectors remain simultaneously transparent and opaque. Their powerfully returned gaze is marked by a paradoxical combination of clinical detachment and zealous absorption in the experimental subject in whom they inscribe their own meanings. The greatest threat posed by fictional vivisectors, the chapter argues, is not only that they themselves are unreadable, but that they might make others so too.