Indigenous peoples continue to challenge Canadian colonial policies through nonroutine acts of resistance. Sustained scholarly attention on the frequency and characteristics of Indigenous resistance has dropped precipitously, with the time span of this scholarship typically ending by the early 2000s. Research on more recent acts of resistance is directed to small-n case studies. This research note examines Indigenous resistance in Canada between 2010 and 2020 as reported by news articles from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) to identify key characteristics of salient Indigenous resistance: What issue areas were the subject of resistance movements? Which Indigenous communities or groups contributed to acts of resistance? What strategies were employed? The research note's findings suggest that salient acts of resistance rarely result in immediate policy change from the state; instead, resistance has transformative potential to develop Indigenous governance that departs from settler-colonial state processes.

This article puts three discourses about resistance and violence, coming from two distinct settler colonial contexts, in conversation, to highlight a distinctive theory of change associated with contemporary Indigenous movements. The first, from South Africa, can be seen in the writings of Nelson Mandela. It offers a dialectical view of resistance, where the oppressor sets the terms of the confrontation and where violence is allowable in the pursuit of change. The second discourse can be seen in the writings of James Tully and offers a theoretical bridge between the first and the third. It focuses on civic citizenship as a nonviolent engagement with terms of governance. The third can be seen in the writings of Indigenous theorists whose work focuses on resurgence. It offers a disjunctive theory of change that centres transgression and prefigurative practices. The conclusion of the article braids these discourses to discuss how they both converge and diverge.

Les facteurs de résistance d’un épisode dépressif sont nombreux. L’enjeu de l’évaluation structurée est de pouvoir les identifier, d’apprécier leur imputabilité dans la constitution du trouble lui-même ou de son caractère résistant. Il est considéré que certains traitements médicamenteux peuvent induire un épisode dépressif, voire conduire à la résistance thérapeutique [1]. Une intervention sur ces polymédications – souvent nombreuses – s’avère alors être une démarche pertinente.

Afin de formaliser ces évaluations, nous proposons de croiser les informations de la littérature avec les données officielles disponibles pour les différents produits considérés comme dépressogènes. Nous établissons ici une procédure d’évaluation incluant les conduites à tenir de première ligne pour les molécules d’usage fréquent dont l’imputabilité est forte et/ou la substitution simple (certains antiépileptiques par exemple) [2]. Une évaluation plus exhaustive est proposée pour les situations de résistances complexes où la discussion devra être plus spécifiquement posée pour chaque patient [3].

En effet, les éléments méthodologiques sont cruciaux, se devant d’être impérativement pris en considération pour la discussion clinique. Le recueil des informations cliniques et diagnostiques sur le plan psychiatrique est souvent de mauvaise qualité. L’imputabilité, comme souvent pour les données de pharmacovigilance, est parfois difficile à préciser. Enfin, il s’agit de situations cliniques généralement complexes et relativement fréquentes où la comorbité somatique et son traitement sont tous deux susceptibles d’induire la survenue d’un épisode dépressif majeur, favoriser la persistance des manifestations et leur résistance au traitement pharmacologique entrepris.

Au total, en dehors de quelques situations simples, il convient d’amener les éléments d’une discussion thérapeutique individualisée prenant en compte l’intensité, le retentissement et le niveau de résistance, d’une part, et, d’autre part, l’imputabilité des molécules (sur le plan individuel et au vu des données de la littérature) et les alternatives thérapeutiques aujourd’hui disponibles et adaptées au contexte clinique.

La dépression unipolaire est une maladie fréquente et particulièrement sévère en termes de morbi-mortalité (prévisions OMS pour 2030). Cette sévérité est en partie liée au profil évolutif de la maladie et en particulier au caractère de résistance aux traitements antidépresseurs qu’elle peut comporter. On estime ainsi que la résistance peut atteindre jusqu’à 30 % des cas de dépression unipolaire (Thase, J Clin Psychiatry, 2011). Une prise en charge optimale des dépressions résistantes est donc indispensable mais nécessite au préalable une définition claire, consensuelle et utilisable en clinique. La définition de la résistance la plus utilisée prend en compte uniquement le nombre d’essais d’antidépresseurs (Thase, J Clin Psychiatry, 1997, 1998). Elle présente l’avantage de la simplicité mais comporte plusieurs limites. Il apparaît aujourd’hui nécessaire pour bien définir la résistance d’une dépression de déterminer les facteurs prédictifs cliniques et para-cliniques, le profil évolutif de la maladie, ainsi que le niveau de résistance actuel tout en ayant pris soin d’éliminer une pseudo-résistance. Cette notion de résistance s’inscrit ainsi complètement dans l’évolution du cours de la maladie et est caractérisée par son intensité et sa dynamique. Cette définition théorique peut permettre en la transposant à la pratique clinique de dégager une prise en charge adaptée, personnalisée et, de là, plus efficace pour chaque patient. Néanmoins, ce travail de définition et de suivi de la résistance n’est pas aisé dans la pratique clinique courante et le développement d’outils cliniques spécifiques allant au-delà de la simple quantification de la résistance pourrait faciliter cette démarche, ainsi que le recours à des centres spécialisés dédiés à cette problématique.

Les médecins sont souvent confrontés à des situations d’absence d’efficacité ou d’efficacité jugée insuffisante d’un traitement antidépresseur de première intention. On estime ainsi qu’entre un et deux tiers des épisodes dépressifs majeurs ne répondront pas à un premier antidépresseur prescrit. Mais avant de parler d’inefficacité d’un traitement, il est important d’évaluer certains aspects susceptibles d’entraver l’efficacité de ce dernier. Un examen clinique complet ainsi que certains examens complémentaires (TSH par exemple) seront dans un premier temps nécessaires afin de d’éliminer une pathologie organique responsable d’une symptomatologie dépressive, qui pourra régresser une fois cette pathologie traitée. Une cause iatrogène médicamenteuse devra aussi être éliminée, ainsi qu’une cause toxique (abus de substances). L’entretien clinique nous permettra ensuite de confirmer le diagnostic d’épisode dépressif majeur et de son évolution sous traitement, ainsi que d’éliminer des diagnostics psychiatriques différentiels (un trouble bipolaire par exemple) ou certaines comorbidités psychiatriques, tels qu’un trouble de la personnalité. Après s’être assuré que la posologie prescrite et la durée de traitement antidépresseur sont adéquates, l’un des critères fondamentaux à évaluer est l’observance du traitement prescrit. Il est de plus indispensable d’évaluer le contexte de vie et les facteurs de stress parfois responsables d’une chronicisation de la symptomatologie dépressive. Il est donc nécessaire de prendre le temps d’évaluer globalement la situation pour s’assurer que le traitement antidépresseur mis en place est réellement inefficace, avant de passer à une autre stratégie thérapeutique.

Dominant theories fail to explain the use of terror during the Second Palestinian Intifada. Notably, they fail to explain Hamas’s abandonment of suicide attacks by 2005. We classified the universe of fatalities on both sides and examined the conflict’s patterns of lethal violence. Our analysis of fatality ratios and rates of change by fatality category supports a dual-arena theory of terror. Noting a rapid increase of indiscriminate Israeli civilian deaths and a relative evening out within this category in the conflict’s initial phase, we demonstrate that externally Hamas aimed to improve the balance of forces to compel Israel to negotiate on equal terms using the “out-suffering” mechanism. Internally, Hamas used terror to build confrontational capacity by attracting Palestinian factions to a resistance pole and isolating conciliatory elites. When their continued deployment became too costly relative to emerging options, the campaign was swiftly called off. In the end, while based on strategic calculations, Hamas’s use of terror proved to be a failure.

This article traces some of the ways in which Australian law in the post-Mabo era has functioned to discursively historicize Indigenous Australia, that is, to construct Indigenous Australia as a historical relic. I argue that despite law’s continual historicization of Indigenous Australia, there have nonetheless been “moments of decolonization,” as there have been since the colonization of Australia began, in which Indigenous Australia asserts its contemporary presence in opposition to and outside of colonial Australia. Drawing on Doreen Massey’s conceptualization of place and space and three examples, I argue that in these moments, Indigenous activists do not only resist the ongoing project that is settler Australia, they also create an elsewhere to it.

Six distinct biotypes of the Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason), have been characterized so far from different parts of India and their geographical distribution has been well mapped and monitored annually through the national gall midge biotype studies. These studies have been showing minor changes in the virulence pattern of the pest population at Warangal in Andhra Pradesh state since 2000. Hence, a sample of the pest population from the site was collected during 2003 and selected subsequently in a greenhouse through 13 successive generations for virulence against diverse sources of plant resistance. This Warangal-derived population (WDP) was tested to record reactions of two sets of differential rice varieties used for biotype detection and known to carry one of the 10 known gall midge-resistance genes. The results revealed that WDP has acquired virulence against CR-MR1523, one of the biotype differential rice varieties, which derived resistance from the source Ptb21 cultivar. Since the virulence pattern noted for WDP was different from that noted for the six characterized biotypes, it is proposed to designate this new biotype, tentatively, as biotype 4M. Only three of the resistance genes, viz. Gm3Gm4 and Gm8 confer resistance against this biotype.

The resistance of 63 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) accessions to the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), was investigated in screen house experiments and compared to Money Maker, a T. urticae-susceptible variety widely grown in Kenya. The number of motile mite stages 12 days after inoculation with 5 adult female mites was significantly lower than in the control variety (Money Maker) in seven accessions (Marglobe, Roma-VF, 94 RT 330, Continental Michel, Early Pearson, ARP 366–4 and 94 RT 316). Egg numbers were significantly lower than in the control in 14 accessions (Marglobe, Cal-J-VF, Roma-VF, Beauty, 95 RT 315, 93 KT 20, EC.3504,94 RT 313, EC-1193, Continental Michel, Early Pearson, ARP 366–4,94 RT 316 and Malawi Local 3). This study reveals the existence of resistance to T. urticae in the tomato accessions.

Kampimodromus aberrans is a predatory mite species present in vineyards of South of France and also in uncultivated areas, from where great densities disperse into the neighbouring vine fields, mainly by aerial means. In order to determine the origin of migrants in an experimental vine plot, a molecular study using RAPD markers was performed. It was found that there exists genetic differentiation of populations collected in the experimental vineyard, and those collected, both from surrounding cultivated and uncultivated areas. No correlation between genetic and geographic distances was found. Thus, despite the dispersal of great densities of mites into the plot, selection pressures may affect their settlement. To determine the impact of pesticide application on mite settlement, we studied the insecticide resistance of K. aberrans populations collected in the vine field and on an oak located in a neighbouring uncultivated area. The insecticide tested, quinalphos, is the most frequently applied pesticide in the plot. High resistance levels were observed in both populations. However, at the recommended concentration, mortality rates (80 and 87 %) were quite the same for the two populations. Thus, the application of this pesticide seems not to be the major explanation of the poor settlement of migrants coming from woody areas into the plot, and other studies have to be conducted to determine other factors involved.

It is known that in citrus orchards, the citrus psyllid Trioza erytreae (Homoptera: Triozidae) preferentially chooses certain varieties for egg laying, feeding and larval development. However, the selection mechanism in citrus nurseries is poorly understood. The aim of the present work was to study in the nursery, the behaviour of T. erytreae with respect to choice of egg laying and feeding sites in three species of citrus, namely Villafranca lemon, Mexican lime and Fremont mandarin. One hundred young plants of each were exposed to the citrus psyllid on the fourth month after germination, and psyllids and pit galls counted every month. The impact of the psyllid's damage on citrus was also assessed. Adults of T. erytreae were highly attracted to the young citrus plants three weeks after the germination of seeds. The average number of adults, eggs and larvae of T. erytreae by plant varied with the particular citrus plant: on young plants, adult, larval and egg populations were highest on lime. Four months later, 100 % of lime, 97% of lemon and 76 % of mandarin plants were attacked by T. erytreae. Those plants attacked shortly after germination were stunted and their leaves greatly deformed. In the absence of pest management in the citrus nursery, citrus psylla can cause the loss of up to 91 % of young plants.

Thirty-five grain sorghum genotypes representing 6 variable groups (A/B-lines, R-lines, commercial varieties, germplasms, mutants and locals) were evaluated for the orientation, colonisation and oviposition responses of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), governing the antixenosis component of resistance. In free-choice tests, the orientation and colonisation responses of the weevil were identical among all the genotypes at 24 h, varied at 48 h, and differed widely by 72 h after adult release. High degrees of antixenosis for colonisation by the adult weevils were observed among all the genotypes except 2077A and 2219B, which suggests a predominant reaction to gustatory rather than visual or olfactory stimuli. One to five egg plugs per seed were oviposited, frequently near the endosperm close to the seed base. Greater levels of antixenosis for oviposition were noticed in 2077B, DJ 6514 and IS 11758 in free-choice tests, and 2219B, M 148–138, P 721 and Nizamabad (M) in no-choice tests. To the contrary, M 35–1, Swati and Lakadi showed greater susceptibility for oviposition. Significantly less damage to seed was observed on 2219A/B, 116B, IS 9487, IS 11758, CSV 8R(M) and Local Yellow. Although the differences in seed weight loss were not significant, this parameter was relatively lower in AKMS 14B and 2219B than in the other genotypes. This indicates the need to increase the levels of resistance among the parental A/B-lines in the development of hybrids, in order to ensure better protection from rice weevil infestation in stored sorghum.

—Organophosphorus-derived pesticides are commonly used to control Culex quinquefasciatus, the principal vector of filariasis in India. This paper reports on the susceptibility of C. quinquefasciatus from Madurai city, Tamil Nadu and its environs, to the organophosphate Malathion. It was observed that both larval and adult mosquitoes had low levels of resistance to the pesticide, with resistance ratios at LC50, LC90, and LC95 varying from 0.94 to 3.07 in larvae, and 0.93 to 34.68 in adults. This observation indicates the possibility of higher resistance developing in C. quinquefasciatus populations, the limitation of organophosphorus compounds as larvicides in mosquito breeding sites as a measure to control filariasis, and the importance of research into alternative measures for managing C. quinquefasciatus.

The defoliating beetle Mesoplatys ochroptera Stål (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) has become a serious pest of the tropical legume Sesbania sesban (L.) Merrill in agroforestry systems in eastern and southern African countries. In this study, 32 accessions of Sesbania spp. collected from eastern and southern Africa were screened for resistance to M. ochroptera at Msekera, Zambia. Two mechanisms of resistance—antixenosis and antibiosis—were indicated in the different accessions. Accessions of Sesbania bispinosa, S. leptocarpa and S. macrantha were found to be more preferred by the insect compared to S. sesban and S. rostrata accessions. Preference of accessions was negatively correlated with leaf-hair density and positively correlated with the number of leaves per seedling and plant height. Under the conditions of eastern Zambia, some accessions of S. sesban from Kenya, Malawi and Ethiopia were found to be comparable to the Zambian accessions in survival, growth and biomass production. Four accessions of S. sesban—Kakamega (ex Kibwezi) and Kisii 2 from Kenya, Zwai 090 from Ethiopia and Rumphi from Malawi—appeared to compensate well for M. ochroptera damage.

The biology, insect density-yield loss relationships, genotype reactions, and consumption and utilisation of food by the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) on pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and Adzuki bean (Phaseolus angularis) were studied. Post-embryonic development was completed in 20.2 to 22.6 days. Grain yield in plants infested with 2 and 4 larvae was the same as that in uninfested controls, while plants infested with 8 and 16 larvae suffered between 50–68% grain yield loss in pigeonpea and 61–71% in Adzuki bean. Food consumption by third instars was highest on ICPL 90011. This genotype had the lowest approximate digestibility (AD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI). The significance of these results in relation to economic damage thresholds is discussed.

A study was conducted to elucidate the effects of protein fractions isolated from maize (Zea mays L.) seeds on the development and survival of the Mexican bean weevil, Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Maize seeds were fractionated into albumins, globulins, prolamins, glutelins and a residue and the bruchids reared on artificial seeds composed of susceptible background bean flour enriched with the different protein fractions. Survival (as indicated by LD50) and development (as indicated by WD50) of 20-day-old larvae of the bruchid were negatively affected by most of the fractions. The albumins and globulins were the most detrimental to Z. subfasciatus, significantly affecting both its survival and development.

Cassava varieties resistant to the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) ( Acari:Tetranychidae) have been reported in many parts of Africa where the pest has been introduced. However, the resistance mechanisms have not been identified. Laboratory studies on biology and feeding behaviour of cassava green mite were carried out at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), in order to determine whether this resistance is mainly due to pubescence.

Cassava pubescence was found to have no antibiotic effect; both pubescent and non-pubescent varieties were preferred by the mite for oviposition, food and shelter. In addition, pubescence does not afford a mechanical barrier to cassava against green mite infestation.

Two types of failures of attack by the top borer, Scirpophaga excerptalis Wlk., and their relation to sugarcane resistance to deadheart formation were studied in 164 genotypes of sugarcane for three years at two locations, viz., Karnal (Haryana State) and Chakia (Bihar State) in India. Attacks were unsuccessful either because of failure of neonate larvae in the mid-rib to reach the spindle (Type 1) or failure of older larvae in the spindle to reach the meristem (Type 2). Type 1 failure was frequent (19.2 to 26.7 %) while Type 2 was rare (2.9 to 5.1 %) among the genotypes. Larval dispersal and mortality were influenced by several factors related or unrelated to resistance and occurred concurrently in the same genotypes. This led to variation in larval mortality even among genotypes with the same levels of Type 1 failure. Those genotypes (Co 1223, Co 1224, E 276, Co 7224, Co 745, E 128, Co 62235, E 132, E 50, CoS 767 and CoJ 67) that had high scores of both Type 1 failure (14 to 18) and larval mortality (13 to 17) had the lowest percentages of deadhearts (11.8 to 24.4%).

Type 2 failure was not related to resistance; the highly resistant genotypes, Co 1223, Co 1224, E 276, Co 62235, E 132, CoS 767 and F133, showed no Type 2 failure. Furthermore, genotypes IA 3017 and Co 7322 which had the highest Type 2 failure scores of 9 and 12 respectively, had 61 and 36% deadhearts respectively. It is concluded that Type 2 failure may be caused by larval mortality in the spindles due to diseases and/or asphyxiation by accumulated rain water.

Three field trials were conducted to determine the effect of various levels of resistance of South African sorghum hybrids on follow-up generations of Busseola fusca Fuller (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). In one trial, plants were artificially infested with B. fusca larvae while the other trials were subjected to natural infestation of C. partellus. The number of damaged internodes and moth exit holes per stem were used to calculate a relative survival index which estimates the survival of larvae to the adult stage. A moth production index was calculated to estimate the role of a hybrid in area-wide suppression of stemborer populations. In the B. fusca trial, resistant and susceptible experimental hybrids produced 40 000 and 113 000 moths per hectare respectively, compared to 80 000 and 83 000 moths per hectare produced by the commercial hybrids. Larval damage to whorl leaves, assessed on a 1 to 9 scale, indicated leaf-feeding resistance of commercial hybrids to B. fusca ranging from susceptible to intermediate. Yield losses suffered by the hybrids in the B. fusca trial were greater than that suffered by a susceptible experimental hybrid, indicating susceptibility of South African hybrids to B. fusca. The evaluation of sorghum varieties for their potential to reduce stemborer populations should indicate their usefulness in integrated pest management systems.