Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T01:53:35.073Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Willpower is overrated

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2021

Michael Inzlicht
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM1C 1A4, [email protected]; www.michaelinzlicht.com
Malte Friese
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Saarland University, 66123Saarbrücken, Germany. [email protected]; https://www.uni-saarland.de/friese

Abstract

Any analysis of self-regulation that focuses solely on willpower in conflict-laden situations is insufficient. Research makes clear that the best way to reach one's goal is not to resist temptations but to avoid temptations before they arrive; it further suggests that willpower is fragile and not to be relied on; and that the best self-regulators engage in willpower remarkably seldom.

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Creative Commons
The target article and response article are works of the U.S. Government and are not subject to copyright protection in the United States.
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Blain, B., Hollard, G., & Pessiglione, M. (2016). Neural mechanisms underlying the impact of daylong cognitive work on economic decisions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(25), 69676972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, B. J., Somerville, L. H., Gotlib, I. H., Ayduk, O., Franklin, N. T., Askren, M. K., … Shoda, Y. (2011). Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(36), 1499815003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Converse, B. A., Juarez, L., & Hennecke, M. (2019). Self-control and the reasons behind our goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116(5), 860883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Ridder, D. T. D., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, F. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2012). Taking stock of self-control: A meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(1), 7699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friese, M., Loschelder, D. D. D., Gieseler, K., Frankenbach, J., & Inzlicht, M. (2019). Is ego depletion real? An analysis of arguments. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(2), 107131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujita, K. (2011). On conceptualizing self-control as more than the effortful inhibition of impulses. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(4), 352366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galla, B. M., & Duckworth, A. L. (2015). More than resisting temptation: Beneficial habits mediate the relationship between self-control and positive life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(3), 508525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heatherton, T. F., & Wagner, D. D. (2011). Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(3), 132139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennecke, M., Czikmantori, T., & Brandstätter, V. (2019). Doing despite disliking: Self-regulatory strategies in everyday aversive activities. European Journal of Personality, 33(1), 104128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, P. L., Nickel, L. B., & Roberts, B. W. (2014). Are you in a healthy relationship? Linking conscientiousness to health via implementing and immunizing behaviors. Journal of Personality, 82(6), 485492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hockey, G. R. J. (2013). The psychology of fatigue. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, W., Baumeister, R. F., Förster, G., & Vohs, K. D. (2012a). Everyday temptations: An experience sampling study of desire, conflict, and self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 13181335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2012b). Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(3), 174180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inzlicht, M., Werner, K. M., Briskin, J. L., & Roberts, B. W. (2021). Integrating models of self-regulation. Annual Review of Psychology, 72(1), 319345. annurev-psych-061020-105721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, H., Saunders, B., Friese, M., Evans, N. J., & Inzlicht, M. (2020). Strong effort manipulations reduce response caution: A preregistered reinvention of the ego-depletion paradigm. Psychological Science, 31(5), 531547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ludwig, R. M., Srivastava, S., & Berkman, E. T. (2019). Predicting exercise with a personality facet: Planfulness and goal achievement. Psychological Science, 30(10), 15101521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ludwig, R. M., Srivastava, S., Berkman, E. T., & Donnellan, B. (2018). Planfulness: A process-focused construct of individual differences in goal achievement. Collabra: Psychology, 4(1), 118.Google Scholar
Mackworth, N. H. (1948). The breakdown of vigilance during prolonged visual search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1(1), 621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milyavskaya, M., & Inzlicht, M. (2017). What's so great about self-control? Examining the importance of effortful self-control and temptation in predicting real-life depletion and goal attainment. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(6), 603611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milyavskaya, M., Inzlicht, M., Hope, N., & Koestner, R. (2015). Saying “no” to temptation: Want-to motivation improves self-regulation by reducing temptation rather than by increasing self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(4), 677693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milyavskaya, M., Saunders, B., & Inzlicht, M. (in press). Self-control in daily life: Prevalence and effectiveness of diverse self-control strategies. Journal of Personality. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12604.Google Scholar
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244 (4907), 933938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., … Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(7), 26932698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, B. W., Lejuez, C., Krueger, R. F., Richards, J. M., & Hill, P. L. (2014). What is conscientiousness and how can it be assessed? Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 13151330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 6878.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, I. K., Gillebaart, M., & Mattes, A. (2019). Meta-analytic evidence for ambivalence resolution as a key process in effortless self-control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watts, T. W., Duncan, G. J., & Quan, H. (2018). Revisiting the marshmallow test: A conceptual replication investigating links between early delay of gratification and later outcomes. Psychological Science, 29(7), 11591177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed