Electroactive conducting polymers are suitable for soft actuators (artificial muscles). The actuation is induced by electrochemical oxidation of conducting polymer (film) in an electrolyte solution, due to insertion of bulky counter ions (dopant ions). The magnitude of deformation (strain) depends on the size of dopant ions and the degree of oxidation. It is worthwhile to know the relationship between the magnitudes of deformation and ion size. An electrodeposited Polypyrrole film was electrochemically cycled in aqueous electrolytes of NaCl, NaBr, NaNO3, NaBF4 and NaClO4. The strain of film during electrochemical oxidation and reduction was precisely measured using a laser displacement meter and a handmade apparatus. From the strain and electrical charges inserted in the film during oxidation, the volumes and radii of dopant ions were estimated, assuming the isotropic expansion of the film. The estimated anion radii of Cl-, Br-, NO3-, BF4- and ClO4- were 235, 246, 250, 270 and 290, respectively. The results were discussed taking the crystallographic and hydrated ion radii in literatures into consideration.

In this work, the degradation of methyl orange (MO) was analyzed by direct light with visible radiation (λ > 450 nm) of a dye solution in the presence of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) or silicon nanowires with copper nanoparticles (SiNWs-CuNPs). The SiNWs were synthesized by metal assisted etching from monocrystalline silicon wafers in aqueous HF / AgNO3 solution, and the CuNPs were deposited on the SiNWs via electroless. Discoloration with visible irradiation of aqueous methyl orange solution (C14H14N3NaOS) in the presence of SiNWs showed an efficiency of 71% after 120 min of illumination. The deposition of copper nanoparticles on the nanowires improves the efficiency of the photocatalytic reaction achieving 89% discoloration after 120 min exposure to visible light. The MO photocatalytic degradation with visible radiation in aqueous solution shows to be efficient in discoloration reaching up to 92% in a time of 150 min in the presence of SiNWs-CuNPs.

Nacre is a hierarchical multi-composite matrix consisting of mineral plate-like structures stacked up similar to brick and mortar. When impacted with a projectile this type of structure is expected to reduce the overall shock loading into the system as well as projectile velocity as a consequence of variations in structural stiffness between the composite plates and the organic interlayers. Bio-mimicked nacre derived from alumina as the base ceramic is also shown to have increased fracture toughness over an alumina monolith. One challenge to building the nacre alumina structure is the design and processing of the composite mineral plates which should be comprised of roughly 90-95% nano-filler and 5-10% organic binder. In order for these plates to accurately mimic the nacre mineral plates they must also emulate aspect ratios on the order of 1:10 to 1:20. This paper will discuss the design and processing of nacre-alumina plates for studies into the impact behavior of nacre composites.

Novel methods are needed to traverse the blood-brain barrier and deliver drugs to specific targets in the brain. To this end, MS2 bacteriophage was explored as a multifunctional transport and targeting vector. The MS2 capsid exterior was modified with two different targeting moieties for delivery across the BBB and targeting specific regions of interest in the brain. Successful modification of MS2 capsids with a brain targeting peptide and NMADAR2D-targeting antibody was confirmed by immunoblotting and fluorescence detection. To measure transport efficiency of MS2 particles across an in vitro BBB model, a highly sensitive RT-qPCR protocol was developed and implemented. Finally, in order to demonstrate the potential of MS2 as a drug delivery vehicle, nucleotide-mediated loading of capsids was investigated with the MRI contrast agent Gd-DOTA modified with psoralen.

We have deposited dense and pinhole-free thin films of SiO2, Al2O3 and ITO at room temperature via ion beam sputtering. The SiO2 films were found to be of similar quality as thermal oxide with a resistivity greater than 1015 Ω·cm and breakdown field in excess of 7 MV/cm. The Al2O3 films were part of a Pt- Al2O3-Pt vertical tunnel junction and were kept extremely thin, from 2 nm to 4 nm. The current-voltage characteristics of these junctions indicated a breakdown field in excess of 20 MV/cm, roughly twice that achieved by ALD films. This breakdown voltage was found to be independent of junction area, strongly suggesting the absence of pinholes in the film. The ITO films were 50 nm to 100 nm thick. As deposited, they are fully transparent with an electrical resistivity of 5x10-4 Ω·cm.

Calcium hydroxide was reacted with aliphatic calboxylic acids having the different number of carbons, and the precipitated products were characterized by TG, SEM, TEM and XRD. Layered structure was confirmed by TEM images and XRD patterns. From the results of XRD patterns, the interlayer spacing d increased with an increase of the number of carbons of carboxylic acids from 30 Å to 60 Å, and it was proportional to the carbon number of the materials. Calculated angles of the long chain fatty acids in the crystal structures of the reaction products was about sixty degrees. The adsorption ability of the nanocomposite prepared with stearic acid was carried out by using the mixture of three organic compounds at room temperature. For the adsorption experiment, only one kind of organic matters was selectively adsorbed.

Spherical Cu2-xS nanoparticles with an average diameter of 4.6 nm were synthesized by a colloidal method, and their optical nonlinearities around localized surface plasmon resonance in the near-infrared region were investigated. Resonant enhancement of nonlinear absorption, which is similar to that in the case of the noble metal nanoparticles in the visible region, was observed. The nonlinear absorption coefficients of the Cu2-xS nanoparticles were smaller as compared with those of Au nanoparticles with the same dimensions and concentrations. Theoretical simulation of electric field distributions around individual nanoparticles suggested that the free carrier concentration in Cu2-xS nanoparticles was one order of magnitude smaller than that in Au nanoparticles, which led to a weaker local electric field and weaker optical nonlinearity.

Biogenic minerals are widely studied materials for their particular properties derived from their hierarchical structure, using building blocks with sizes spanning several orders of magnitude. These special features can be assessed with different analytical tools, and it is important to know their capabilities and limitations. In order to determine the hierarchical structure of the shells, the nacre and prismatic layers of two marine animals were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Based on these assessments, we found that the combination of these three techniques is useful to describe each structure level, and to explain some of the unique properties observed in these natural materials.

We report first principles spin-polarized density functional theory calculations to study the electronic structure of pure and Magnesium doped (replacing Al) CuAlO2 and AgAlO2 transparent conducting oxides in the hexagonal 2H structural phase. Hole effective masses are obtained from the band structure. Additionally, the complex dielectric function is obtained. A discussion of the effects of Mg-doping on the optical properties and its effectiveness in reducing hole effective masses and increasing conductivity is also presented.

The effects of crystal orientation and doping on the surface energy, γT, of native oxides of Si(100) and Si(111) are measured via Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis (3LCAA) to extract γT, while Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) is used to detect Oxygen. During 3LCAA, contact angles for three liquids are measured with photographs via the “Drop and Reflection Operative Program (DROP™). DROP™ removes subjectivity in image analysis, and yields reproducible contact angles within < ±1°. Unlike to the Sessile Drop Method, DROP can yield relative errors < 3% on sets of 20-30 drops. Native oxides on 5 x 1013 B/cm3 p- doped Si(100) wafers, as received in sealed, 25 wafer teflon boats continuously stored in Class 100/ISO 5 conditions at 24.5°C in 25% controlled humidity, are found to be hydrophilic. Their γT, 52.5 ± 1.5 mJ/m2, is reproducible between four boats from three sources, and 9% greater than γT of native oxides on n- doped Si(111), which averages 48.1 ± 1.6 mJ/m2 on four 4” Si(111) wafers. IBA combining 16O nuclear resonance with channeling detects 30% more oxygen on native oxides of Si(111) than Si(100). While γT should increase on thinner, more defective oxides, Lifshitz-Van der Waals interactions γLW on native oxides of Si(100) remain at 36 ± 0.4 mJ/m2, equal to γLW on Si(111), 36 ± 0.6 mJ/m2, since γLW arises from the same SiO2 molecules. Native oxides on 4.5 x 1018 B/cm3 p+ doped Si(100) yield a γT of 39 ± 1 mJ/m2, as they are thicker per IBA. In summary, 3LCAA and IBA can detect reproducibly and accurately, within a few %, changes in the surface energy of native oxides due to thickness and surface composition arising from doping or crystal structure, if conducted in well controlled clean room conditions for measurements and storage.

Engineered non-wetting surfaces inspired by biological species are of interest in the industry due to their potential applications such as water repelling, self-cleaning, anti-icing, anti-corrosion, anti-fouling, and low fluid drag surfaces. However, the adoption of non-wetting surfaces in large scale industrial applications has been hampered by synthesis techniques that are not easily scalable and the limited long term stability and wear robustness of these surfaces in service. In this study, we demonstrate a simple, low cost, and scalable electrochemical technique to produce robust composite coatings with tunable non-wetting properties. The composite coatings are composed of an ultra-fine grain nickel matrix with embedded hydrophobic cerium oxide ceramic particles. Comprehensive characterization, including wetting property measurements, electron microscopy, focused ion beam analysis, hardness measurements, and abrasive wear testing were performed to establish the structure-property relationships for these materials. The grain refinement of the nickel matrix contributes to the high hardness of the composites. As a result of the bimodal CeO2 particle size, hierarchical roughness is present on the surface of the composite, leading to remarkable non-wetting properties, even after 720 m of abrasive wear.

A commercial unalloyed ductile iron has been developed to produce a multiphase matrix microstructure consisting of lenticular prior martensite, feathery upper bainite and a nano-scaled super bainite of lath bainitic ferrite and carbon-enriched film retained austenite. Multi-step heat treatment composed of austenizing, rapidly quenching and isothermally holding at low temperature have been developed. A tensile strength of more than 1.6 GPa, a hardness higher than HRC 54, and an elongation in excess of 5%, are achieved. This is attributed to a synergistic multi-phase strengthening effect. The developed nano super bainite exhibits a good balance between strength and toughness. The presence of martensite formed during the quenching prior to the isothermal treatment, accelerates the kinetics of subsequent nano super bainitic transformation by bainitic laths nucleating quickly at the martensite-austenite interfaces.

Earth stabilization, using two by-products available in Burkina Faso: Calcium Carbide Residue (CCR) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA), improved the performance of compressed earth blocks (CEBs). The effect of adding CCR or CCR: RHA (in various ratios) to the clayey earth was investigated. CEBs were molded by manually compressing moisturized mixtures of earthen materials and 0-15 % CCR or CCR: RHA (various ratios) with respect to the weight of earthen material. The results showed that, with 15 % CCR: RHA in 7: 3 ratio, the compressive strength of CEBs (6.6 MPa) is three times that of the CEBs containing 15 % CCR alone (2.2 MPa). This improvement was related to the pozzolanic reaction between CCR, clay and RHA. These CEBs comply with the requirement for wall construction of two-storey housing.

Recently, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting using semiconductor photoanode has received great attention due production of hydrogen through clean energy. The alpha hematite (α Fe2O3) is one of the candidate amongst photoanodic materials, which is chemically stable, abundant in nature with a band gap of 2.0-2. 2eV allowing to be harvesting in the visible light. However, it has also drawn back due to high recombination rate of electron–hole pair revealing the low concentration of charges and lower device performance. In common with α-Fe2O3, the titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been known as one of the most explored photoanode electrode material due to its physical and chemical stability in aqueous and non-toxicity. However, TiO2 has large bandgap (3.0-3.2 eV) that results in absorbing UV light and very small part of visible region. Incorporation of TiO2 in α-Fe2O3 could achieve better efficiencies as photoanode materials by enhancing the electric conductivity, limited hole diffusion length, and both materials can absorb light in both UV and visible spectrum range. However, the photoanodic properties of α-Fe2O3 with different concentrations of TiO2 are mostly unknown. Under this work, α-Fe2O3-TiO2 nanomaterial was synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The α-Fe2O3-TiO2 nanomaterials containing different weight percentage (2.5, 5, 16, 25, and 50) of TiO2 to α-Fe2O3 were characterized using SEM, XRD, UV-Vis, FTIR and Raman techniques, respectively. The electrochemical properties of α-Fe2O3-TiO2 nanomaterials were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques, respectively.

This paper investigates the role degradation of protective diffusion aluminide coating on Inconel 713LC used for CT blades of short-haul aircraft fleet played in having the blades prematurely retired from service at 6378 hours, as opposed to their pre-set service time of 10000 hours. The blade samples were subjected to various examinations; X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyse at the; tips, airfoil, as well as the base, transverse and longitudinal, sectioned and unsectioned. As affirmed by both the transverse and longitudinal sections examinations, it was established that thermal attack leading to deterioration of the coating was greater at the tip and airfoils of the blades (the hotter zones) and lesser towards the bases (colder zones). As a result, severe degradation of the core material at the tips and airfoils compared to the bases and more prevalent at the leading edges than trailing edges at the tips. The results further suggest that both active outward Ni diffusion and inward Al diffusion can coexist during exploitation of the blades in service. The study illustrates the role played by the aluminide coating in early failure of CT blades with the aim of bettering the surface coatings and enhancing coating technologies, managing CT blade material monitoring as well as to give insights on advancing CT blades maintenance practices.

Robot assisted synthesis as part of high-throughput (HT) technology can assist in the creation of polymer libraries, e.g. polymers with a variety of molecular weights, by automatizing similar reactions. Especially for multiblock copolymers like polyurethanes (PUs) synthesized from telechels via polyaddition reaction, the adjustment of equivalent molar amounts of reactants requires a comprehensive investigation of end group functionality.

In this work, PUs based on oligo(ε-caprolactone) (OCL) / oligotetrahydrofuran (OTHF) as model components were designed utilizing HT synthesis enabling the quantitative determination of the optimized ratio between reactive end-groups via fully automated syntheses without major characterization effort of end group functionality. The semi-crystalline oligomeric telechelics were connected with a diisocyanate and OCL with a molecular weight of 2, 4, or 8 kg∙mol-1 was integrated. Here, optimized molecular weights between 90 ± 10 kg∙mol-1 (in case of OCL 8 kg∙mol-1) and 260 ± 30 kg∙mol-1 (in case of OCL 2 kg∙mol-1) were obtained with an isocyanate content of 120 mol%, whereby 100 mol% of isocyanate groups resulted only in molecular weights between 60 ± 6 kg∙mol-1 (OCL 8 kg∙mol-1) and 80 ± 10 kg∙mol-1 (OCL 2 kg∙mol-1). In addition to the optimized ratio between isocyanate and hydroxy end groups, quantitative influences of the OCL chain length and overall molecular weights of PUs on thermal and mechanical properties were detected. The melting temperatures (Tms) of OCL and OTHF domains were well separated for PUs of low molecular weight, the temperature interval between the Tms decreased when the molecular weight of the PUs was increased, and were even overlapping towards one broad Tm, when OCL 2 kg∙mol-1 was incorporated. The storage modulus E’ was highly dependent on OCL chain length exhibiting an increase with increasing molecular weight of OCL from 220 MPa to 440 MPa at 0 °C and decreased with increasing chain length of PUs. The elongation at break (εb) was analyzed below and above Tm of OTHF resulting in εb = 780-870% at 0 °C and εb = 510-830% at 30 °C for PUs of high molecular weight. Accordingly, stretchability of PUs was almost independent of the state of OTHF (semi crystalline or amorphous) but correlated with the OCL precursor chain length (increasing εb with increasing chain length) and overall molecular weight of PUs (PUs at higher molecular weight exhibited higher εb). Hence, the analysis of these quantitative influences between macromolecular structure of multiblock copolymers and the resulting properties (well separated Tms versus overlapping melting transition, improvement of stretchability) would enable the design of new tailored PUs.

This paper presents the results of a study on the impact of a precipitation hardening treatment on the mechanical properties of 17-4PH stainless steel open-cell foams produced using a powder-metallurgy-based process patented by the National Research Council Canada (NRC). Pre-alloyed powder was used to manufacture stainless steel (SS) foams with either medium or high porosity by changing the nature of the organic binder used to process the porous materials. Some of these were kept in the as-sintered state, while others were submitted to the H900 precipitation hardening treatment frequently prescribed for 17-4PH stainless steels.

Metallurgical and physical characterization was carried out on the resulting materials, along with mechanical testing at the micro (indentation testing) and macro (compressive testing) scales. It was found that the Medium-Porosity Foams (MPF) and High-Porosity Foams (HPF) had very different morphologies, the HPFs having a delicate porous structure featuring thin sintered walls with many openings (a.k.a. windows) between the main cells, while the MPFs exhibited much thicker walls with few windows connecting the larger pores. As expected from these foam morphologies, the mechanical properties of MPFs were much higher than those of the more porous and delicate HPF materials. For both foam types, the average mechanical properties were improved by the H900 treatment. A comparison with compressive properties of 17-4PH foams taken from the literature resulted in reasonable agreement. However, the large scatter observed on the average compressive properties of the NRC foams and the slightly different structure/composition of the literature materials mean that any comparison between these porous alloys must be interpreted with caution.

Cladding tubes of water-cooled nuclear reactors are usually made of Zircaloy and are an important retaining element for radionuclides present in the fuel both during predisposal activities such as reloading of fuel assemblies from interim storage casks to final disposal casks and during final disposal in the case of canister breaching. However, cladding integrity is affected by various processes during reactor operation and beyond, e.g. fuel cladding chemical interaction and fission product precipitation onto the inner cladding surface. Using experimental and modelling methods, the radionuclide inventory of an irradiated Zircaloy-4 plenum section is analyzed. Quantities of 235/238U, 237Np, 238/239/240/241/242Pu, 241/243Am, 243/244Cm besides 14C, 55Fe, 125Sb, 154Eu, and 134/137Cs were (radio-)chemically determined in digested Zircaloy-4 subsamples. Measured inventories of activation products in the Zr-alloy are in good agreement with calculated values. However, amounts of actinides and fission products exceed the calculated inventory by factor ∼57 (minor actinides and non-volatile fission products) and ∼114 (137Cs). Excess of minor actinides and part of enhanced Cs inventory originate from fuel residues deposited on the inner cladding surface during fuel rod fabrication, whereas vast amount of cesium is volatilized from subjacent fuel pellets and transported to the plenum.

As an emerging carbon material with advantages of thinnest, ultrahigh strength, superior thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, graphene (Gr) is called the “black gold” and will have a profound applying potential in the field of materials science and engineering. Many researches concerning preparation of the Cu-Gr composite via various approaches have been reported. However, only few works are related to the electrochemical deposition method. As a simple, low cost, large scale production method, electrodeposition method has been widely used in industry for manufacturing foils involving copper-clad laminate (CCL), printed circuit board (PCB) and the negative current collector of lithium ion battery, where the copper foil not only serve as the carrier of the cathode active material but also play a role in collecting and conducting electrons. In the present article, we review the research progress on preparations and mechanical properties of the Cu-Gr composite foils by electrochemical method, and introduce our recent work in this area. The advancement of the process and the perspective industrial productions are also discussed.

Ultrafast atomic dynamics induced by electronic and optical excitation opens new possibilities for functionalization of two-dimensional and layered materials. Understanding the impact of perturbed valence band populations on both the strong covalent bonds and relatively weaker van der Waals interactions is important for these anisotropic systems. While the dynamics of strong covalent bonds has been explored both experimentally and theoretically, relatively fewer studies have focused on the impact of excitation on weak bonds like van der Waals and hydrogen-bond interactions. We perform non-adiabatic quantum molecular dynamics (NAQMD) simulations to study photo-induced dynamics in MoS2 bilayer. We observe photo-induced non-thermal contraction of the interlayer distance in the MoS2 bilayer within 100 femtoseconds after photoexcitation. We identify a large photo-induced redistribution of electronic charge density, whose Coulombic interactions could explain the observed inter-layer contraction.