Galena from four REE-rich (Khibina, Sallanlatvi, Seblyavr, Vuoriyarvi) and REE-poor (Kovdor) carbonatites, as well as hydrothermal veins (Khibina) all from the Devonian Kola Alkaline Province of northwestern Russia was analysed for trace elements and Pb and S isotope compositions. Microprobe analyses show that the only detectable elements in galena are Bi and Ag and these vary from not detectable to 2.23 and not detectable to 0.43 wt.% respectively. Three distinct galena groups can be recognized using Bi and Ag contents, which differ from groupings based on Pb isotope data. The Pb isotope ratios show significant spread with 206Pb/204Pb ratios (16.79 to 18.99), 207Pb/204Pb (15.22 to 15.58) and 208Pb/204Pb ratios (36.75 to 38.62). A near-linear array in a 207Pb/204Pb vs.206Pb/204Pb ratio diagram is consistent with mixing between distinct mantle sources, one of which formed during a major differentiation event in the late Archaean or earlier. The S isotopic composition (δ34S) of galena from carbonatites is significantly lighter (–6.7 to –10.3% Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT) from REE-rich Khibina, Seblyavr and Vuoriyarvi carbonatites, and – 3.2% CDT from REE-poor Kovdor carbonatites) than the mantle value of 0%. Although there is no correlation between S and any of the Pb isotope ratios, Bi and Ag abundances correlate negatively with δ34S values. The variations in the isotopic composition of Pb are attributed to partial melting of an isotopically heterogeneous mantle source, while those of δ34S (together with Bi and Ag abundances) are considered to be process driven. Although variation in Pb isotope values between complexes might reflect different degrees of interaction between carbonatitic melts and continental crust or metasomatized lithosphere, the published noble gas and C, O, Sr, Nd and Hf isotopic data suggest that the variable Pb isotope ratios are best attributed to isotopic differences preserved within a sub-lithospheric mantle source. Different Pb isotopic compositions of galena from the same complex are consistent with a model of magma replenishment by carbonatitic melts/fluids each marked by quite different Pb isotopic compositions.

Raman scattering experiments of natural FeS2 pyrite were performed at simultaneous high-pressure and high-temperature conditions up to 675 K and 2100 MPa using a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell combined with micro-Raman spectroscopy. Four out of five Raman active modes [Eg, Ag, Tg(1) and Tg(3)] were resolved at ambient conditions, the remaining Tg(2) [∼377 cm–1] mode was weak and unresolved occurring ∼2 cm–1 from the intense Ag [379 cm–1] mode. The frequency shifts of the Eg [343 cm–1] and Ag [379 cm–1] modes were determined to be quadratic functions of pressure and temperature: ν343 = 343.35 – 0.0178 × ΔT – 8.4E – 6 × (ΔT)2 + 0.00367 × Δp 3.7E–7 × (Δp)2 + 1.0E–6 × ΔT × Δp and ν379 = 379.35 – 0.0295 × ΔT – 9.0E–6 × (ΔT)2 + 0.00460 × Δp – 5.3E–7 × (Δp)2 + 7.0E–7 × ΔT × Δp. The positive pressure dependence of both modes indicates stress-induced contraction of S–S and Fe–S bonds, whereas the negative temperature dependence shows temperature-induced expansion of them. The Raman spectra of pyrite were used to derive its bulk modulus at high temperatures, thermal expansion coefficient at high pressures and anharmonic parameters at high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.

An experimental study of an Al-rich schorl sample from Cruzeiro mine (Minas Gerais, Brazil) was carried out using electron microprobe analysis, structural refinement and Mössbauer, infrared and optical absorption spectroscopy in order to explore the disordering of Fe2+ over the Y and Z sites of the tourmaline structure.

A structural formula was obtained by merging chemical and structural data. The cation distribution at the two non-equivalent octahedrally coordinated sites (Y and Z) was obtained by two different optimization procedures which, minimizing the residuals between observed and calculated data, converged to the formula: X(Na0.65〈0.32Ca0.02K0.01)Σ1.00Y(Fe1.652+Al1.15Fe0.063+Mn0.052+Zn0.05Ti0.044+)Σ3.00Z(Al5.52Fe0.302+Mg0.18)Σ6.00[T(Si5.87Al0.13)Σ6.00O18](BBO3)3V(OH)3W[(OH)0.34F0.28O0.38]Σ1.00.

This result shows a partial disordering of Fe2+ over the Y and Z sites which explains adequately the mean atomic number observed for the Z site (13.5±0.1). Such a disordering is also in line with the shoulder recorded in the Mössbauer spectrum (fitted by a doublet with isomer shift of 1.00 mm/s and quadrupole splitting of 1.38 mm/s) as well as with the asymmetric bands recorded in the optical absorption spectrum at ∼9000 and 14,500 cm–1 (modelled by four Gaussian bands, centred at 7677 and 9418 cm–1, and 13,154 and 14,994 cm–1, respectively).

The high degree of consistency in the results obtained using the different methods suggests that the controversy over Fe2+ order can be ascribed to the failure to detect small amounts of Fe2+ at Z (typically <<10% atoms/site) rather than a steric effect of Fe2+ on the tourmaline structure.

Samples from Russia and Scotland are used to examine the interaction of the REE-Ti silicate chevkinite-(Ce) with hydrothermal fluids. Altered zones in crystals are distinguished by using areas of low intensity on backscattered-electron images, low analytical totals, increasingly large departures from stoichiometry and, in some cases, the presence of micropores. Initial alteration of the chevkinite results in strong Ca enrichment. With increasing degrees of alteration, Ca abundances drop sharply, as do those of the REE, Fe and Si. In contrast, Ti levels increase strongly, usually accompanied by higher Nb ± Th levels. The most altered zones contain up to 36 wt.% TiO2 and the formula cannot be expressed in the standard chevkinite formula. In detail, samples follow different alteration trends, presumably reflecting different P, T, fO2 and fluid composition. The Ti enrichment may have been related to a reaction front of dissolution-reprecipitation passing through the outer zones of the original chevkinite, leaving behind a reprecipitated Ti-enriched phase which may or may not be chevkinite.

Two-dimensional nets may be used to generate the stoichiometry and structure of single-layer and double-layer sheet-silicate minerals. Many sheet-silicate minerals are based on the 3-connected plane nets 63, 4.82, (4.6.8)2(6.82)1and (52.8)1(5.82)1, and some more complicated nets, e.g. (5.6.7)4(5.72)1(62.7)1, (4.122)2(42.12)1, (52.8)1(5.62)1(5.6.8)2(62.8)1,have one or two representative structures. Many complicated sheet-silicate minerals are based on sheets of 2-, 3- and 4-connected tetrahedra that may be developed from 3- and 4-connected plane nets by a series of oikodoméic operations on 3- or 4-connected nets that change the topologyof the parent net. There are three classes of oikodoméic operations: (1) insertion of 2- and 3-connected vertices into 3- and 4-connected plane nets; (2,3) replication of single-layer sheets by topological mirror or two-fold-rotation operators, and condensation of the resulting twosingle-layer sheets to form double-layer sheets. The topological aspects of these sheet structures may be described by functions that express stoichiometry in terms of tetrahedron connectivities (formula-generating functions) and functions that associate these formula-generating functionswith specific two-dimensional nets. Using these functions, we may generate formulae and structural arrangements of single-layer and double-layer silicate structures with specific local and long-range topological features.

The North Atlantic Craton (NAC) extends along the coasts of southern Greenland. At its northern and southern margins, Archaean rocks are overprinted by Palaeoproterozoic orogeny or overlain by younger rocks. Typical granite-greenstone and granite-gneiss complexes represent the entire Archaean, with a hiatus from ∼3.55–3.20 Ga. In the granulite- and amphibolite-facies terranes, the metallogeny comprises hypozonal orogenic gold and Ni-PGE-Cr-Ti-V in mafic-ultramafic magmatic systems. Gold occurrences are widespread around and south of the capital, Nuuk. Nickel mineralization in the Maniitsoq Ni project is hosted in the Norite belt; Cr and PGE in Qeqertarssuatsiaq, and Ti-V in Sinarsuk in the Fiskenæsset complex. The lower-grade metamorphic Isua greenstone belt hosts the >1000 Mt Isua iron deposit in an Eoarchaean banded iron formation. Major Neoarchaean shear zones host mesozonal orogenic gold mineralization over considerable strike length in South-West Greenland. The current metallogenic model of the NAC is based on low-resolution data and variable geological understanding, and prospecting has been the main exploration method. In order to generate a robust understanding of the metal endowment, it is necessary to apply an integrated and collective approach. The NAC is similar to other well-endowed Archaean terranes but is underexplored, and is therefore likely to host numerous targets for greenfields exploration.

The crystal structure of hohmannite, Fe3+2[O(SO4)2]·8H2O, was studied by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrational spectroscopy. The previous structural model was confirmed, though new diffraction data allowed the hydrogen-bond system to be described in greater and more accurate detail. Ab initio calculations were performed in order to determine accurate H positions and to support the experimental model obtained from XRD data. Infrared and Raman spectra are presented for the first time for this compound and comments are made on the basis of the crystal structure and the known literature for sulfate minerals.

A new nomenclature scheme has been set up for the laueite supergroup of minerals, which have the general formula M12+M23+M33+(XO4)2(OH)2·8H2O, where M1 = Fe2+, Mg2+ or Mn2+; M2/M3 = Al3+ or Fe3+; and XO4 = PO4 or AsO4. The laueite supergroup is divided into the laueite group (XO4 = PO4) and the maghrebite group (XO4 = AsO4). These groups are then subdivided into subgroups on the basis of the dominant atoms, Al3+ or Fe3+, in octahedral sites M2/M3. The new nomenclature has been approved by the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification, proposal 14-F.

The generation and migration of gas within and around proposed radioactive waste disposal facilities is potentially a safety critical process. A safety case for a facility that generates significant quantities of gas (e.g. through metal corrosion or radiolysis) will require demonstration that gas migration around and away from the waste is sufficiently understood and will not breach the safety case for the facility. Models can be used to understand the likely hydraulic evolution of such a disposal facility, but the models need to consider processes over a range of scales. A whole repository may extend over kilometres, with individual disposal cells at the scale of tens of metres and features which provide pathways for gas migration on a centimetre scale. All of these features may be significant from a safety perspective and capturing the impact of all of these features in a single model is a significant challenge.

This paper presents an approach to tackling this multi-scale problem, which allows the whole repository to be modelled in a computationally efficient manner. The approach involves identifying areas within the modelled domain that show very similar behaviour, and representing these areas with sub-models, so that small-scale features are retained, but computational overhead is decreased by using the results in more than one location in the model domain. The approach allowed a model of a whole repository to be run on a single processor core, whilst maintaining the small-scale features of the system. The model results were compared against more conventional upscaling techniques and show the advantage of a more detailed representation of small-scale features. The model results reflect the conceptual understanding of how gas would migrate in a repository.

Chevkinite-(Ce) in a mineralized quartz-epidote metasomatite from the Keivy massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia, underwent at least two stages of low-temperature alteration. In the first, it interacted with hydrothermal fluids, with loss of Ca, Fe, LREE and Si and strong enrichment in Ti. The altered chevkinite was then rimmed and partially replaced by a zone of ferriallanite-(Ce) and davidite-(La), in turn rimmed by a zone of allanite-(Ce) richer in the epidote component. The allanite zone was in turn partially replaced by rutile-titanite-quartz assemblages, the formation of titanite postdating that of rutile. Aeschynite-(Y), aeschynite-(Ce) and REE-carbonates are accessory phases in all zones. The hydrothermal fluids were alkaline, with significant proportions of CO2 and F. At various alteration stages, the Ca, Si ± Al activities in the fluid were high. Formation of the aeschynite is discussed in relation to its stability in broadly similar parageneses; it was a primary phase in the unaltered chevkinite zone whereas in other zones it formed from Nb, Ti, REE and Th released from the major phases.

Macro- and micro-perthitic microclines from pegmatites from Perth, Ontario (Wards catalogue 46 E 0510) and Keystone, South Dakota (Wards 46 E 5125) have been studied using light and electron microscopy. A sample of the type perthite from Perth, Ontario (Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, M2361)was compared using light microscopy. It differs in bulk composition and microtexture from the Wards sample. The Perth sample from Wards is a mesoperthite, with sub-periodic ∼mm-thick albite veins near (100), with irregular surfaces. The microcline has regular tartan twins and formed fromorthoclase by a continuous process. The Keystone sample is a microperthite, with non-periodic albite veins mainly in {110}. Irregular tartan twins, volumes of irregular microcline and subgrains suggest that the microcline formed by dissolution–reprecipitation. Microcline in both samplescontains semicoherent cryptoperthitic albite films that formed after the development of tartan twins. The bulk compositions of these intergrowths imply exsolution below ∼400°C. Diffusion parameters imply sustained heating for between 0.11 My at 400°C, 1.5 GPa and 8.4 My at 300°C,1 GPa. Unrealistic times are required at 200°C. Subsequently, the crystals reacted with a fluid leading to replacive growth of the vein perthites. Unusually, Albite twin composition planes in replacive subgrains have sub-periodic dislocations, formed by coalescence of advancing growthtwins. Processes that might lead to periodic, replacive intergrowths are discussed. The Perth and Keystone feldspars have been used for experimental work on dissolution during weathering and on anomalous thermoluminescence fading. Their microtextures make them unsuitable for obtaining propertiesthat can be extrapolated to feldspars in general.

The members of the sartorite homologous series are complex sulfides Me2+8N–16–2XMe3+16+XMe+XS8N+8 where Me2+ is Pb and Me3+ is As and Sb, whereas Me+ is Ag and/or Tl. This paper presents calculation formulae for the homologue order N and for the separate substitution percentages for Tl + (As,Sb) ↔ 2Pb and Ag + (As,Sb) ↔ 2Pb substitutions. This enables one to evaluate the crystal chemistry and build a systematic classification of the sartorite homologues.

In order to clarify the roles that secondary minerals may have in determining the extent of dispersion of Sb in the supergene environment, syntheses and stability studies of the Sb(V) oxides byströmite, MgSb2O6, ordoñezite, ZnSb2O6 and rosiaite, PbSb2O6, have been undertaken. Solubilities in aqueous HNO3 were determined at 298.2 K and the data obtained used to calculate values of Δ at the same temperature. The derived Δ(s, 298.2 K) values for MgSb2O6 (–1554.1 ±3.6 kJ mol–1), ZnSb2O6 (–1257.0 ±2.6 kJ mol–1) and PbSb2O6 (–1154.2 ±2.6 kJ mol–1) have been used in subsequent calculations to determine their relative stabilities and relationships with other secondary Sb minerals.

Fragmented supracrustal rocks are typical components of Archaean high-grade gneiss terranes, such as those in the North Atlantic Craton. Here we present the first major, trace element and Nd-Hf isotope data for amphibolites collected in the yet poorly studied southern inner Ameralik fjord region of southern West Greenland. In addition, new U-Pb zircon ages were obtained from the surrounding TTG gneisses.

Based on their trace-element patterns, two different groups of amphibolites can be distinguished. Following screening for post-magmatic alteration and outlying ε values, a reduced sample set defines a 147Sm/143Nd regression age of 3038 Ma ±310 Ma (MSWD = 9.2) and a 176Lu/176Hf regression age of 2867 ±160 Ma (MSWD = 5.5). Initial εNd2970Ma values of the least-altered amphibolites range from 0.0 to +5.7 and initial εHf2970Ma range from +0.7 to +10.4, indicating significant isotopic heterogeneity of their mantle sources with involvement of depleted domains as well as crustal sources.

Surprisingly, the amphibolites which are apparently most evolved and incompatible element-rich have the most depleted Hf-isotope compositions. This apparent paradox may be explained by the sampling of a local mantle source region with ancient previous melt depletion, which was re-enriched by a fluid component during subduction zone volcanism or alternatively by preferential melting of an ancient pyroxenite component in the mantle source of the enriched rocks.

The new mineral nabimusaite, KCa12(SiO4)4(SO4)2O2F (R3m, a = 7.1905(4), c = 41.251(3) Å, V = 1847.1(2) Å3, Z = 3), has been discovered in larnite-ye' elimite nodules of pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Complex. Nabimusaite is colourless, transparent with a white streak, has a vitreous lustre and does not show luminescence. It is brittle, but shows pronounced parting and imperfect cleavage along (001). Nabimusaite is uniaxial (–), ω = 1.644(2), ε = 1.640(2) (589 nm), nonpleochroic, Mohs' hardness is ∼5 and the calculated density is 3.119 g cm–3. The crystal structure has been solved and refined to R1 = 0.0416. Its artificial analogue is known. The nabimusaite structure may be derived from that of hatrurite, also known as the clinker phase 'alite' (C3S = Ca3SiO5), and is built up by an intercalation of three positively charged hatrurite-like modules of composition [Ca12(SiO4)4O2F]3+ with inserted modules of [K(SO4)2]3–. The hatrurite-like modules in nabimusaite are characterized by octahedrally coordinated anion sites and tetrahedrally coordinated cation sites. The structure is representative of the intercalated antiperovskite type. In contrast to its synthetic analogue, nabimusaite is P-bearing. The shortened bond T–O lengths for one tetrahedral site indicates P preference at the Si2 site, located at the border of the hatrurite-like modules. Significant variations of isomorphous substitutions in nabimusaite suggest the possibility of other isostructural minerals occurring in Nature. It also seems likely that nabimusaite could serve as a prototype for new advanced synthetic materials, given the discovery of two other new minerals in the Hatrurim Complex with related modular structures, placed in the nabimusaite group. These are zadovite and aradite, as described in a companion paper (Galuskin et al., 2015a).

The mineral assemblage and paragenesis of nabimusaite suggests that nabimusaite formed as a result of the reaction of potassium-enriched, sulfate-bearing melt with larnite and ellestadite. This contradicts the isochemical model that pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Complex formed relatively fast in a practically dry system.

Two new minerals shchurovskyite, ideally K2CaCu6O2(AsO4)4, and dmisokolovite, ideally K3Cu5AlO2(AsO4)4, are found in sublimates of the Arsenatnaya fumarole at the Second scoriacone of the Northern Breakthrough of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. They are associated with one another and with johillerite, bradaczekite, tilasite, melanarsite, tenorite, hematite, aphthitalite, langbeinite, orthoclase, etc. Shchurovskyiteoccurs as coarse tabular or prismatic crystals up to 0.15 mm in size or anhedral grains forming parallel aggregates and crusts up to 1.5 cm × 2 cm across. Dmisokolovite forms tabular, prismatic or dipyramidal crystals up to 0.2 mm in size, commonly combined in clusters or crusts up to0.7 cm × 1.5 cm across. Both minerals are transparent with a vitreous lustre. They are brittle, with Mohs' hardness ≈3. Shchurovskyite is olive-green or olive drab. Dmisokolovite is bright emerald-green to light green. Dcalc = 4.28 (shchurovskyite) and 4.26 (dmisokolovite)g cm–3. Both are optically biaxial; shchurovskyite: (+), α = 1.795(5), β = 1.800(5), γ = 1.810(6), 2Vmeas = 70(15)°; dmisokolovite: (–), α = 1.758(7), β = 1.782(7), γ = 1.805(8), 2Vmeas = 85(5)°. The Ramanspectra are given. Chemical data (wt.%, electron-microprobe; first value is for shchurovskyite, second for dmisokolovite): Na2O 0.00, 0.83; K2O 8.85, 10.71; Rb2O 0.11, 0.00; MgO 0.00, 0.35; CaO 4.94, 0.21; CuO 43.19, 38.67; ZnO 0.42, 0.20; Al2O30.04, 4.68; Fe2O3 0.00, 0.36; P2O5 0.59, 0.78; V2O5 0.01, 0.04; As2O5 40.72, 43.01; SO3 0.35, 0.00; total 99.22, 99.84. The empirical formulae, based on 18 O a.p.f.u., are shchurovskyite: K2.05Rb0.01Ca0.96Cu5.92Zn0.06Al0.01P0.09S0.05As3.86O18;dmisokolovite: Na0.28K2.36Mg0.09Ca0.04Cu5.04Zn0.04 Al0.95Fe0.053+P0.11As3.88O18. The strongest reflections of X-ray powder patterns [d,Å(I)(hkl)]are shchurovskyite: 8.61(100)(200, 001), 5.400(32)(110), 2.974(32)(312, 510), 2.842(47)(003, 020), 2.757(63) (601, 511), 2.373(36)(512, 420) and 2.297(31)(421, 222, 313); dmisokolovite: 8.34(95)(002), 5.433(84)(110), 2.921(66)(510, 314), 2.853(58)(511, 020) and 2.733(100)(006, 512, 602). Shchurovskyiteis monoclinic, C2, a = 17.2856(9), b = 5.6705(4), c = 8.5734(6) Å, β = 92.953(6)°, V = 839.24(9) Å3 and Z = 2. Dmisokolovite is monoclinic, C2/c, a = 17.0848(12), b = 5.7188(4), c =16.5332(12) Å, β = 91.716(6)°, V = 1614.7(2) Å3 and Z = 4. Their crystal structures [single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, R = 0.0746 (shchurovskyite) and 0.1345 (dmisokolovite: model)] are closely related in the topology of the main buildingunits. They are based on a quasi-framework consisting of AsO4 tetrahedra and polyhedra centred by Cu in shchurovskyite or by Cu and Al in dmisokolovite. K and Ca are located in channels of the quasi-framework. The minerals are named in honour of outstanding Russian geologists andmineralogists Grigory Efimovich Shchurovsky (1803–1884) and Dmitry Ivanovich Sokolov (1788–1852).