Let be a variety of groups. We say that the variety (the group G) has a semigroup law if u(x1, …, xn) = ν(x1, …, xn) is a law in (in G), with u and ν different words in the free semigroup freely generated by x1,…,xn. It seems very difficult to determine under what conditions a variety has a semigroup law. All we can say in general is that if does have a semigroup law, then it is in fact characterized by its semigroup laws (Section III).

Matroid theory was first studied by Whitney (1) as an abstract theory of linear independence in vector spaces. Recently its importance in graph theory has been noticed by Tutte (2), Edmonds (3) and Nash-Williams (4,5). Less interest has been shown in the extremely close relationship between matroids and incidence geometries. In this note we develop the more geometrical aspects of matroid theory, paying particular attention to the fundamental role of the hyperplanes of a matroid in this theory.

We define an unbased H-space to be a pair (A, m) where A is a space and

is a map such that the maps La: x → m(a, x), Ra: x → m(x, a) are homotopy equivalences for all a ∈ A. This is the same as James's definition of an H'-space in (3); we follow his notation as far as possible. (A, m) is homotopy-associative if the maps m(m × 1) and m(l × m) are homotopic. A left (right) a-inverse (a ∈ A) is a map w: A → A such that the composition m(w × 1) d (w(1 × w) d) is homotopic to ka, the constant map to a. d denotes the diagonal map a → (a, a).

By a closed m-manifold we mean a C∞ compact connected m-dimensional manifold, without boundary. M will denote a closed m-manifold (m > 0), and En will denote Euclidean n-space. All embeddings will be C∞.

In the previous paper(8), we considered a property of families of functions we termed. ‘B-equicontinuity’. It was shown that B-equicontinuity is stronger than the usual equicontinuity, and is weaker than the equicontinuity defined by Bartle (3). In this paper we consider the concept of B-equicontinuity on topological transformation groups. The net characterization of equicontinuity obtained in (8) is used in discussion. It is proved in (1) that if (X, T, π) is almost periodic, the transition group {πt|t ∈ T} is equicontinuous. One might wonder whether this conclusion can be strengthened to say that {πt|t ∈ T} is B-equicontinuous; we show here by an example that this is not true and a partial solution to this problem is given. Some relations between almost periodicity and B -equicontinuity are also discussed.

Let G be a locally compact topological group, and let μ be the left Haar measure on G, with μ the corresponding outer measure. If R' denotes the non-negative extended real numbers, B (G) the Borel subsets of G, and V = {μ(C):C ∈ B(G)}, then we can define ΦG: V × V → R' by

where AB denotes the product set of A and B in G. Then clearly

so that a knowledge of ΦG will give us some idea of how the outer measure of the product set AB compares with the measures of the sets A and B.

We propose an exceptionally short and effortless approach to the fundamental facts of the representation theory of compact groups on Hilbert spaces and expand our methods to prove some generalizations concerning representations on arbitrary locally convex vector spaces.

Suppose that t is a group homomorphism from a topological group E into a topological group F. When is it true, that the closure of t−1(V) in E is a neighbourhood of the identity in E for every neighbourhood V of the identity in F? This question arises naturally in the study of the closed graph theorem in the context of topological groups; for example, see (1) and ((3), p. 213). The concept of a g-ultrabarrelled space introduced in this paper is the result of an investigation aimed at answering this question.

This paper is a contribution to the verification of conjectures of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer about elliptic curves (1). The evidence that they produce is largely derived from curves with complex multiplication by i. In a previous paper (8), we had considered curves with complex multiplication by √ − 2. Here we shall look at the case when the ring of complex multiplications is isomorphic to the ring Z[ω], where ω3 = 1, ω ≠ 1.

Definition A. The serieswith partial sumUn (or the sequence {Un}) is said to be summable by logarithmic means to the sum U, if

The generalized hypergeometric polynomial ((7), equation (2·1)) has been defined by

where the symbol Δ(δ, −n) represents the set of δ-parameters:

and δ, n are positive integers. The polynomial is in a generalized form which yields many known polynomials on specializing the parameters.

Let Σan be a given infinite series with the sequence of partial sums {Sn}. Let the sequence be defined by

where is given by

Expansions in series of functions are one of the most important tools of the applied mathematician, particularly expansions in series of the classical orthogonal polynomials, e.g. Laguerre, Jacobi and Hermite polynomials. In applied problems, the uniqueness of the particular expansion is usually intrinsic to the analysis, and often implicitly assumed. Indeed, in those cases where the functions in the series are orthogonal, uniqueness can often be proved by an argument that runs as follows. Let {φn(x)} (n = 0, 1, 2, …) be a sequence of functions orthogonal with respect to the weight function ρ(x) over the interval [0, 1], and suppose that

the series being boundedly convergent for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

Explicit forms are given for the Wigner for values of J from J = 0 to J = 7/2. The tedious labour involved in evaluating available formulas is reduced by use of a computer.

We use the term ‘measurement’ to refer to the interaction between an object and an apparatus on the basis of which information concerning the initial state of the object may be obtained from information on the resulting state of the apparatus. The quantum theory of measurement is a quantum theoretic investigation of such interactions in order to analyse the correlations between object and apparatus that measurement must establish. Although there is a sizeable literature on quantum measurements there appear to be just two sorts of interactions that have been employed. There are the ‘disturbing’ interactions consistent with the analysis of Landau and Peierls (8) as developed by Pauli (11) and by Landau and Lifshitz (7), and there are the ‘non-disturbing’ interactions explicitly set out by von Neumann ((10), chs. 5, 6), and that dominate the literature. In this paper we shall investigate the most general types of interactions that could possibly constitute measurements and provide a precise mathematical characterization (section 2). We shall then examine an interesting subclass, corresponding to Landau's ideas, that contains both of the above sorts of measurements (section 3). Finally, we shall discuss von Neumann measurements explicitly and explore the purported limitations suggested by Wigner(12) and Araki and Yanase (2). We hope, in this way, to provide a comprehensive basis for discussions of quantum measurements.

By using a Laplace transformation, a general solution is obtained to the problem of the oscillations and velocity field of a viscous gravitating sphere. Lamb's oscillating solution and Darwin's exponentially decaying solution are derived as asymptotic expressions and their connexion demonstrated. Closed loops of stream lines are a remarkable feature of the flow, and the conditions for their existence are discussed. Asymptotic solutions are also obtained for the oscillations of a Maxwell sphere, and their relation to those of an elastic sphere investigated.

The validity of Huygens' principle in the sense of Hadamard's ‘minor premise’ is investigated for scalar wave equations on curved space-time. A new necessary condition for its validity in empty space-time is derived from Hadamard's necessary and sufficient condition using a covariant Taylor expansion in normal coordinates. A two component spinor calculus is then employed to show that this necessary condition implies that the plane wave space-times and Minkowski space are the only empty space-times on which the scalar wave equation satisfies Huygens' principle.

In this paper a scheme is developed for handling tensor partial differential equations having spherical symmetry. The basic technique is that of Gelfand and Shapiro ((2), §8) by which tensor fields defined on a sphere give rise to scalar fields defined on the rotation group . These fields may be expanded as series of functions , where , m is fixed and the matrices Tl(g) form a 21 + 1 dimensional irreducible representation of .

Spherically symmetric operations, such as covariant differentiation of tensors and the contraction of tensors with other spherically symmetric tensor fields, are shown to act in a particularly simple way on the terms of the series mentioned above: terms with given l, n are transformed into others with the same values of l, n. That this must be so follows from Schur's Lemma and the fact that for each m and l the functions form a basis for an invariant subspace of functions on of dimension 2l + 1 in which an irreducible representation of acts. Explicit formulae for the results of such operations are presented.

The results are used to show the existence of scalar potentials for tensors of all ranks and the results for tensors of the second rank are shown to be closely related to those recently obtained by Backus(1).

This work is intended for application in geophysics and other fields where spherical symmetry plays an important role. Since workers in these fields may not be familiar with quantum theory, some matter in sections 2–5 has been included in spite of the fact that it is well known in the quantum theory of angular momentum.

The first-order Chapman-Enskog (CE) approximation has been used to linearize the Boltzmann-Landau (BL) equation primarily in the binary collision approximation and a linear integral equation with a non-symmetric kernel is obtained. The solubility conditions are discussed on the basis of conservation theorems. The formal solutions and the transport coefficients have been obtained in a subsequent paper.

The linearized Boltzmann-Landau transport equation given in a previous paper with a non-symmetric Kernel has been formally solved and the solution has been used to calculate the coefficients of shear viscosity (η) and thermal conductivity (λ) up to first-order density corrections.