Let R be an associative ring with identity. If R is von- Neumann regular of a left v-ring, then for each left ideal, I, we have I2 = I. In this note we study rings such that for each left ideal L there exists an integer n = n(L)>0 such that Ln = Ln+1. We call such rings stable rings. We completely describe the stable commutative rings. These descriptions give rise to concepts related to, but more general than, finite Goldie dimension and T-nilpotence, and a notion of power pure.

Let be a small -category where is a fixed Grothendieck universe, i.e., the objects of form a set which is a subset of and, for every pair of objects X, Y of the set is an element of . If S is a set of morphisms of , then, in general, the category of fractions [S- 1] would belong to a higher universe ([4], p. 256).

Some results from the theory of minimization of vector quadratic forms (subjected to linear restrictions) are used to obtain particular solutions to the usual types of linear matrix equations. An answer to a question raised by Greville [1] is supplied.

Several characterizations for prime semilattices are obtained. Prime semilattices that are compactly packed by filters have been characterized. Solution to the problem, “Find a condition on a semilattice by which every filter can be expressed as the intersection of all prime filters containing it”, is furnished.

The problem of the exact location of the Frattini subgroup 4>(G) of a generalized free product G = (A*B)H was first raised by Higman and Neumann [5]. Solutions to special cases of the problem can be found in [1], [2], [8], [9] and [10]. The purpose of this note is to extend the results of [2], [8], and to simplify the proof of Whittemore's theorem [10]. We also apply our result to give simple proofs of certain classes of knot groups that have trivial Frattini subgroups. The proof that every knot group has trivial Frattini subgroup hard and long (footnote 2, p. 56).

A family of sets is said to have property B if there exists a set S such that S∩F≠ ϕ and SF for all F . S is called a B-set for . Let n≥2 and N≥2n-1. Let V = { 1, 2,≠, N} and let = {G:G⊂ V, |G| = rc}. Erdös [3] defined mN(n) to be the size of a smallest subfamily of which does not have property B and proved the following results:

Let H be a real Hilbert space with its dual space H'. The norm and inner product in H are denoted by ||.|| and 〈.,.〉 respectively. We denote by 〈.,.〉, the pairing between H' and H.

If a(u, v) is a bilinear form and F is a real-valued continuous functional on H, then we consider I[v], a functional defined by

It is well known and immediate that in an associative ring a nilpotent one-sided ideal generates a nilpotent two-sided ideal. The corresponding open question for alternative rings was raised by M. Slater [6, p. 476]. Hitherto the question has been answered only in the case of a trivial one-sided ideal J (i.e., in case J2 = 0) [5]. In this note we solve the question in its entirety by showing that a nilpotent one-sided ideal K of an alternative ring generates a nilpotent two-sided ideal. In the process we find an upper bound for the index of nilpotency of the ideal generated. The main theorem provides another proof of the fact that a semiprime alternative ring contains no nilpotent one-sided ideals. Finally we note the analogous result for locally nilpotent one-sided ideals.

Let t be a field and a finite dimensional t-algebra. Auslander-Reiten sequences [AR] play a fundamental rôle in the representation theory of ; in particular, they can be used to construct new indecomposable modules from known ones. For the latter reason I think it worthwile to point out certain torsion theories on the category of -modules, such that the category of -torsionfree modules has Auslander-Reiten sequences; thus giving another construction of indecomposable modules.

In this paper, we prove that if S is a locally compact semigroup and T a locally compact Borel measurable subsemigroup of S, then T has a topological left invariant mean if and only if there is a topological left T-invariant mean M on S such that M(xT) = 1, where xT is the characteristic functional of T in S.

This paper considers what conditions on the order structure of a Riesz space will insure that one locally solid topology is finer than another, or when does one topology induce a finer topology than another on the order bounded subsets. The basic tool employed for the comparisons will be the carrier of a locally solid topology. We shall deal mainly with topologies whose carriers are order dense; a locally solid topology with order dense carrier will be called entire.

Let C(X) be the ring of continuous real-valued functions on a (completely regular) topological space X. The structure of the prime ideals and the prime z-ideals of C(X) has been the subject of much investigation (see e-g- [1], [3], [5]). One of the surprising facts about C(X) is that the sum of two prime ideals is again prime.

This paper presents a study of right cyclically ordered groups (RCO-groups) and their relation to right ordered groups (RO-groups). Cyclically ordered groups (CO-groups) and their connection with ordered groups (O-groups) have been studied by Rieger in [7] and by Swierczkowski in [8]. While some of the properties of RCO-groups are analogous to the corresponding ones for COgroups, there are interesting exceptions.

Two fixed point theorems for multi-valued mappings in a complete, ε-chainable metric space are proved. The theorems, thus established, extend result of M. Edelstein, Peter K. F. Kuhfittig, Hwei-mei Ko and Yueh-hsia Tsai, S. B. Nadler, Jr. and S. Reich.

A finite group is said to have deficiency zero if it can be presented with an equal number of generators and relations. Finite metacyclic groups of deficiency zero have been classified, see [1] or [6]. Finite non-metacyclic groups of deficiency zero, which we denote by FD0-groups, are relatively scarce. In [3] I. D. Macdonald introduced a class of nilpotent FD0-groups all having nilpotent class≤8. The largest nilpotent class known for a Macdonald group is 7 [4]. Only a finite number of nilpotent FD0-groups, other than the Macdonald groups, seem to be known [5], [7]. In this note we exhibit a class of FD0-groups which contains nilpotent groups of arbitrarily large nilpotent class.

If R is a ring such that x, y ∈ R and xy = 0 imply yx = 0 and G≠ 1, an ordered group, then we show that ∑ αgg is a unit in RG if and only if there exists ∑ βhh in RG such that ∑ αgβg-1 = 1 and αgβh is nilpotent whenever gh≠l. We also show that if R is a ring with no nilpotent elements ≠ 0 and no idempotents ≠ 0, 1 then RG has only trivial units. Some applications are also given.

In a recent paper [1] I. B. Lazarevic announced an extension of results of L. Tornheim [2; Theorems 2 & 3] concerning points of contact between two distinct members of an n-parameter family and between a member of an n-parameter family and a corresponding convex function. In the proofs of these extensions [1; Theorems 3.1 & 3.2] use is made of Tornheim′s Convergence Theorem [2; Theorem 5]; however this theorem is not correctly applied in [1] since it requires distinct limiting nodes, and that hypothesis necessarily fails in the approach used in [1], In this note proofs of results more general than those in [1] are given independent of convergence theorems.

This note continues the investigation of those rings R with unity which also satisfy the polynomial identity B(x, y) = (xy)n -xyn -xny +xy = 0, for some integer n > l. It is shown that when n is an even integer, or when n = 3, such rings are commutative. It is otherwise possible, as is shown by example, for such rings to fail to be commutative, although they are subdirect sums of local rings satisfying the polynomial identity. Each such ring has nilpotent commutator ideal.

In 1960, Z. Opial [20] proved the following interesting integral inequality:

Theorem A. If u is a continuously differentiable function on [0, b], and if u(0) = u(b) = 0, and u(x)>0 for x∊(0, b), then

1

where the constant b/4 is the best possible.

Let

1

be the simple continued fraction (SCF) of an irrational number x. The partial quotients ai which we shall sometimes refer to as the "terms" of the SCF are integers and, for i ≥ 2, they are positive. If x is a quadratic irrationality then, by Lagrange's Theorem, the right side of (1) becomes periodic from some point on.