Let E be a Borel set of RN. The α-outer Hausdorff measure of E has been defined to be

where

and each Bi is a closed ball. d(Bi) denotes the diameter of Bi.

It is easily seen that the same value Hα(E) is obtained if we consider coverings of E by open balls or by balls which may be either open or closed.

By dim(E) we will mean the usual Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension of E, where

This paper is inspired by two apparently different ideas. Let P be an ordered set and let M(P) stand for the set of all of its maximal chains. The collection of all sets of the form

and

where x ∊ P, is a subbase for the open sets of a topology on M(P). (Actually, it is easy to check that the B(x) sets themselves form a subbase.) In other words, as M(P) is a subset of the power set 2|p| of P, we can regard M(P) as a subspace of 2|p| with the usual product topology. M. Bell and J. Ginsburg [1] have shown that the topological space M(P) is compact if and only if, for each x ∊ P, there is a finite subset C(x) of P all of whose elements are noncomparable to x and such that {x} ∪ C(x) meets each maximal chain.

A common method in studying a commutative Noetherian local ring A is to find a regular subring R contained in A so that A becomes a finitely generated R-module, and in this way one can obtain some information about the original ring by applying what is known about regular local rings. By the structure theorems of Cohen, if A is complete and contains a field, there will always exist such a subring R, and R will be a power series ring k[[X1, …, Xn]] = k[[X]] over a field k. In this paper we show that if R is chosen properly, the ring A (or, more generally, an A-module M), will have a comparatively simple structure as an R-module. More precisely, A (or M) will have a free resolution which resembles the Koszul complex on the variables (X1, …, Xn) = (X); such a complex will be called an (X)-graded complex and will be given a precise definition below.

We study direct limits of finite products of matrix algebras (i.e., locally matricial algebras), their ordered Grothendieck groups (K0), and their tensor products. Given a dimension group G, a general problem is to determine whether G arises as K0 of a unit-regular ring or even as K0 of a locally matricial algebra. If G is countable, this is well known to be true. Here we provide positive answers in case (a) the cardinality of G is ℵ1, or (b) G is an arbitrary infinite tensor product of the groups considered in (a), or (c) G is the group of all continuous real-valued functions on an arbitrary compact Hausdorff space. In cases (a) and (b), we show that G in fact appears as K0 of a locally matricial algebra. Result (a) is the basis for an example due to de la Harpe and Skandalis of the failure of a determinantal property in a non-separable AF C*-algebra [18, Section 3].

Putnam showed in [5] that the spectrum of the real part of a bounded subnormal operator on a Hilbert space is precisely the projection of the spectrum of the operator onto the real line. (In fact he proved this more generally for bounded hyponormal operators.) We will show that this result can be extended to the class of unbounded subnormal operators with bounded real parts.

Before proceeding we establish some notation. If T is a (not necessarily bounded) operator on a Hilbert space, then D(T) will denote its domain, and σ(T) its spectrum. For K a subspace of D(T), T|K will denote the restriction of T to K. Norms of bounded operators and elements in Hilbert spaces will be indicated by ‖ ‖. All Hilbert space inner products will be written 〈,〉. If W is a set in C, the closure of W will be written clos W, the topological boundary will be written bdy W, and the projection of W onto the real line will be written π(W),

Let and denote complex Banach algebras and let b e a left Banach module and a right Banach -module. If

we define the bounded linear elementary operator R(A, B), acting on , by

For the case , elementary operators were introduced by Lumer and Rosenblum [19], who studied their spectral properties. In this setting many authors subsequently studied spectral, algebraic, metric, and structural properties of elementary operators, with particular attention devoted to the inner derivations δa (δa(x) = ax – xa) [25], generalized derivations τ(a, b) (τ(a, b)(x) = ax – xb) [9, 10], and elementary multiplications S(a, b) (S(a, b)(x) = axb), including left and right multiplications La and Rb [11].

Let be the universal Chevalley group ([1], p. 197) of type over a field K and where Ф is the set of roots of . Let n = {α1, α2, …, an} be a fundamental system of roots of and put

Then we know from [2] (p. 950) that

where h is the Coxeter number of We call an element of conjugate to W a Coxeter element and an element conjugate to M a Kac element.

Let Γ be a differentiable curve in a real projective plane P2 met by every line of P2 at a finite number of points. The singular points of Γ are inflections, cusps (cusps of the first kind) and beaks (cusps of the second kind). Let n1(Γ), n2(Γ) and n3(Γ) be the number of these points in Γ respectively. Then Γ is non-singular if

otherwise, Γ is singular.

We wish to determine when T is singular and then find the minimum value of n(Γ). A history and an analysis of this problem were presented in [1] and [2]. It was shown that we may assume that Γ is a curve of even order (even degree if Γ is algebraic), met by every line in P2. Then if Γ does not contain any multiple points or if Γ contains only a certain type of multiple point, Γ is singular. Presently, we complete this investigation

In recent years, a considerable amount of research has been devoted to questions involving set porosity, particularly as it relates to differentiation theory. We may express the type of question in which we are interested by using the language of path derivatives and sequential derivatives. A path derivative of a function/is defined by writing

where at each point x a set Ex is given. A special case of the path derivative is the sequential derivative, defined by writing

where hn is a fixed sequence of nonzero numbers converging to zero.

A Baire space is a topological space which satisfies the Baire Category Theorem, i.e., in which the intersection of countably many dense open sets is dense. In this note we shall be interested in the size of Baire spaces, so to avoid trivialities we shall consider only non-atomic spaces, that is, spaces X whose regular open algebras ro(X) are non-atomic. All natural examples of Baire spaces, such as complete metric spaces or compact spaces, seem to have sizes at least 2ℵ0. So a natural question, asked first by W. Fleissner and K. Kunen [5], is whether there exists a Baire space of the minimal possible size ℵ1. The purpose of this note is to show that such a space need not exist by proving the following result.

Let X = {x1, … xn} be a free generating set of the free group Fn and let H be the subgroup of Aut Fn consisting of those automorphisms α such that α(xi) is conjugate to xi for each i = 1, 2 , …, n. We call H the Z-conjugating subgroup of Aut Fn. In [1] Humphries found a generating set for the isomorphic copy H1 of H consisting of Nielsen transformations

where each is conjugate to ui (see remark 1 below). The purpose of this paper is to find a presentation of H (and hence of H1).

Let i ≠ j be elements of {1, 2, …, n}. We denote by (xi; xj) the automorphism of Fn which sends xi to and fixes xk if k ≠ i. Let S be the set of all such automorphisms.

Preface. The impetus for this study arose from the belief that the structure of a C*-algebra is illuminated by an understanding of the manner in which abelian subalgebras embed in it. Posed in its full generality, the question concerning abelian subalgebras would seem impossible to answer. A notion of diagonal subalgebra is, however, proposed which has the virtue that one can associate a “topological”; invariant to the pair consisting of the diagonal and the ambient algebra, from which these algebras may be retrieved.

In the setting of von Neumann algebras, the analogous question was addressed in the seminal work of Feldman and Moore [13]. Their definition of Cartan subalgebra permits the abstraction of a complete invariant consisting of a Borel equivalence relation together with a certain cohomology class on the relation from which the Cartan pair may be recovered. Our development parallels theirs in spirit; differences in substance derive from the topological flavor of C*-theory.

Suppose that G is a reductive algebraic group defined over a number field F. The trace formula is an identity

of distributions. The terms on the right are parametrized by “cuspidal automorphic data”, and are defined in terms of Eisenstein series. They have been evaluated rather explicitly in [3]. The terms on the left are parametrized by semisimple conjugacy classes and are defined in terms of related G(A) orbits. The object of this paper is to evaluate these terms.

In previous papers we have already evaluated in two special cases. The easiest case occurs when corresponds to a regular semisimple conjugacy class in G(F). We showed in Section 8 of [1] that for such an , could be expressed as a weighted orbital integral over the conjugacy class of σ. (We actually assumed that was “unramified”, which is slightly more general.) The most difficult case is the opposite extreme, in which corresponds to {1}.

A birth and death process is a stationary Markov process whose states are the nonnegative integers and the transition probabilities

(1.1)

satisfy

(1.2)

as t → 0. Here we assume βn > 0, δn + 1 > 0, n = 0, 1, …, but δ0 ≦ 0. Karlin and McGregor [10], [11], [12], showed that each birth and death process gives rise to two sets of orthogonal polynomials. The first is the set of birth and death process polynomials {Qn(x)} generated by

Let ∧ be a bounded, non-empty, open subset of Rn and given any x in Rn, let

let k ∊ N and suppose that p ∞ (1, ∞). It is known (c.f. e.g. [4]) that if u belongs to the Sobolev space WKp(∧) and u/dk ∊ Lp(∧), then . Further results in this direction are given in [5] and [9]. Moreover, if m is the mean distance function in the sense of [2], then it turns out that

Under appropriate smoothness conditions on the boundary of ∧, m and d are equivalent, and thus may in this case be characterized as the subspace of W1,2(∧) consisting of all functions u ∊ W1,2(∧) such that u/d ∊ L2(∧). Further results in this direction are given in [5] and [9]. Moreover, if m is the mean distance function in the sense of [2], then it turns out that

Recently, Ferus ([5], [6]) classified connected Riemannian manifolds with parallel second fundamental form in a real space form of constant curvature . In this paper we may restrict our attention to isotropic submanifolds with parallel second fundamental form in the Euclidean sphere Sm(k) of constant curvature k. Due to Ferus, we find that an isotropic submanifold with parallel second fundamental form in Sm is locally congruent to one of compact symmetric spaces of rank one and the immersion is locally equivalent to the second or the first standard immersion according as M is a sphere or not. In Section 2, we characterize the first standard immersion of a complex projective space into a sphere in terms of isotropic immersions.

For real or complex q, |q| < 1, let

(1.1)

for arbitrary λ and μ, so that

(1.2)

and

(1.3)

Define, as usual, a generalized q-hypergeometric function by (cf. [26, Chapter 3]; see also [18])

(1.4)

where, for convergence, |q| < 1 and |z| < ∞ when r is a positive integer, or |z| < 1 when r = 0, provided that no zeros appear in the denominator.

0. Introduction. In this short note we give an explicit computation of the harmonic measure of a half space x > 0 in the 3-dimensional Heisenberg group in terms of a degenerate hypergeometric function. A probabilistic argument reduces the whole problem to a Hermite-type equation on a half line, that we can solve in terms of the function G(l/4, 1/2; x2).

A preliminary attempt to compute this kernel was done in [1] p. 107 and, cited by Huber [4]. Unfortunately a small mistake was made in [1] and the problem was still open until now. The first author is very grateful to Prof. Huber for having pointed out the weak argument of [1]. Since that time, other harmonic measures and even Green functions have been explicitly computed (see [2]).

Le problème de la construction d'enveloppes d'holomorphie globales ou d'enveloppes polynomialement convexes n'a été que très peu abordé et peu d'exemples explicites sont connus. Il semble donc qu'il soit intéressant de se limiter d'abord au calcul d'enveloppes d'ensembles homogènes, par l'action d'un groupe agissant par transformations holomorphes. C'est le cas des sphères unité de Cn, des polytores par exemple. En s'inspirant des actions de groupes discutés par Ehrenpreis [2] ou par Hua [3], nous considérons ici l'action des groupes SU(2) et U(2) sur C3 identifié à l'ensemble des matrices symétriques complexes 2 × 2. L'action de SU(2) sur C3 est en fait l'action canonique de SU(2) sur une famille de quadriques dégénérant vers la quadrique singulière lorsque A tends vers 0. L'étude des orbites est équivalente à l'étude des équations de Cauchy Riemann sur SU(2), invariantes à gauche. Le spectre de l'algèbre des fonctions annulant une telle équation sur SU(2), qui sont invariantes par l'application antipodale est alors un domaine d'holomorphie de l'une de ces quadriques qui est d'ailleurs topologiquement non trivial.

As various types of tangent cones, generalized derivatives and subgradients prove to be a useful tool in nonsmooth optimization and nonsmooth analysis, we witness a considerable interest in analysis of their properties, relations and applications.

Recently, Treiman [18] proved that the Clarke tangent cone at a point to a closed subset of a Banach space contains the limit inferior of the contingent cones to the set at neighbouring points. We provide a considerable strengthening of this result for reflexive spaces. Exploring the analogous inclusion in which the contingent cones are replaced by pseudocontingent cones we have observed that it does not hold any longer in a general Banach space, however it does in reflexive spaces. Among the several basic relations we have discovered is the following one: the Clarke tangent cone at a point to a closed subset of a reflexive Banach space is equal to the limit inferior of the weak (pseudo) contingent cones to the set at neighbouring points.