In Chapter 5 we defined interest rates, promised rates of exchange for borrowing money, and the term structure of interest rates, which is how interest rates for borrowing money over different time horizons vary. As we saw, these interest rates are essential for determining the prices of bonds. However, interest rates are also used to determine discount rates for valuing projects and companies, which we covered in Part II. Thus, this concept is critically important in all areas of finance because interest rates provide the foundation to allow investors to meet their investment needs, and to value assets as well as to manage risk. In other words, interest rates are not just about determining the cost of borrowing. In this chapter we go deeper into how interest rates can be determined, the features of bonds, and how to measure and understand uncertainty in future interest rates.

Describes complexity of ranching for Tribal members on reservations, due to historical removal of Tribes, allotment of their lands, and resulting jurisdictional barriers.

Our infrastructure and production is based on fossilized carbon feedstock. This fossil carbon used was once biogenic carbon that has undergone a natural thermochemical conversion and very similar products can be produced from biomass via thermochemical processing; enabling the utilization of the existing infrastructure. The thermochemical processes; pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion, are commercially available for coal but their adaption to biomass is lagging. Understanding both the chemical and physical differences and considering the process chemistry can, however, mitigate this. This chapter talks the reader though the carbon and process chemistry in the thermal and hydrothermal processing of biomass.

Wetlands are home to several flora and fauna that make up biodiversity in a country or region. International law therefore emphasizes the need for the preservation of wetlands in order to preserve and conserve biodiversity. This chapter examines the need for a nexus and ecosystem approach to the management of wetlands in the context of water share agreements. It examines the nature, scope, and content of the ecosystem approach, barriers to their effective implementation, and innovative legal approaches to promote such strategies.

This chapter formally defines a financial market and associated constructs, and lays the foundations for arbitrage pricing and dynamic replication (or hedging) through trading strategies.

To obtain a utility model registration in Korea, a device must be industrially practicable, novel, and nonobvious, which is equivalent to the requirement for patent registration. The only difference is that the nonobviousness of utility model devices may be lower than that of patentable inventions. Although the level of nonobviousness is described differently under the statutory provisions, neither examiners nor judges know how to distinguish the level of nonobviousness of utility model devices from that of patentable inventions.

Context, time scales and communication continue to be significant factors in designing and enacting reform but the cases highlight some new and complex features around the shortcomings of managerialist models of public policy and the challenges of divisiveness and intolerance in public policy debate. We identify the need to update the concept of education policy implementation from the dominant managerial model. The second major change is the intensified educational policy arena. It shows increased polarisation and ideological policy making and less respect for democratic processes as well as evidence and research in many settings. The final section of the chapter discusses what forms of knowledge do and could drive the implementation of educational reform. The task of having constructive dialogues about differences in education is a necessary challenge to be faced.

Legal, financial, and regulatory barriers that may hinder the innovation, establishment, and operationalization of nature-based eco-ventures in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region must be carefully examined and addressed. While several studies have examined the importance of eco-entrepreneurship as a tool for halting biodiversity loss, an in-depth examination of the legal and policy barriers that hinder the growth of small and medium eco-enterprises (SMEEs) has remained absent. This chapter fills a gap in this regard. It examines the strategic transformations of biodiversity law and policy that are required to promote these pro-biodiversity, nature-based-SMEEs across the region. After developing a profile of law and governance barriers facing nature-based-SMEEs in the region, it proposes dynamic legal solutions for addressing such barriers.