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3355271 results

Page 343 of 167764

  • Construction of unital quantales

  • Part of
  • Shengwei Han, Jiaxin Lv
  • Journal:
    Canadian Mathematical Bulletin , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 January 2025, pp. 1-16

  • Unital quantales constitute a significant subclass within quantale theory, which play a crucial role in the theoretical framework of quantale research. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the construction of unital quantales from a given quantale. Using Q-algebras, we prove that every quantale is embedded into a unital quantale, which generalizes the work of Paseka and Kruml for the construction of unital quantales. Based on which, we further show that every quantale can be transformed into a unitally non-distributive quantale, which expands the foundational work of Guriérrez García and Höhle for unitally non-distributive quantales. Finally, we provide a variety of methods for constructing unital quantales from some special quantales.

  • Directional Selection and Evolution of Polygenic Traits in Eastern Eurasia: Insights from Ancient DNA

  • Davide Piffer
  • Journal:
    Twin Research and Human Genetics , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 January 2025, pp. 1-20

  • This study explores directional selection on physical and psychosocial phenotypes in Eastern Eurasian populations, utilizing a dataset of 1245 ancient genomes. By analyzing polygenic scores (PGS) for traits including height, educational attainment (EA), IQ, autism, schizophrenia, and others, we observed significant temporal trends spanning the Holocene era. The results suggest positive selection for cognitive-related traits such as IQ, EA and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), alongside negative selection for anxiety and depression. The results for height were mixed and showed nonlinear relationships with Years Before Present (BP). These trends were partially mediated by genetic components linked to distinct ancestral populations. Regression models incorporating admixture, geography, and temporal variables were used to account for biases in population composition over time. Latitude showed a positive effect on ASD PGS, EA and height, while it had a negative effect on skin pigmentation scores. Additionally, latitude exhibited significant nonlinear effects on multiple phenotypes. The observed patterns highlight the influence of climate-mediated selection pressures on trait evolution. Spline regression revealed that several polygenic scores had nonlinear relationships with years BP. The findings provide evidence for complex evolutionary dynamics, with distinct selective pressures shaping phenotypic diversity across different timescales and environments.

  • Prospective, crossover, comparative study of two methods of chlorhexidine bathing

  • Richard Jordan Hankins, Luke Handke, Paul D. Fey, Ruth Jennifer Cavalieri, Kelly A. Cawcutt, Trevor Van Schooneveld, Elizabeth Lyden, Robin High, Mark E. Rupp
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 January 2025, pp. 1-6
    • Article
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  • Background:

    Bathing intensive care unit (ICU) patients with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) decreases healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The optimal method of CHG bathing remains undefined.

    Methods:

    Prospective crossover study comparing CHG daily bathing with 2% CHG-impregnated cloths versus 4% CHG solution. In phase 1, from January 2020 through March 2020, 1 ICU utilized 2% cloths, while the other ICU utilized 4% solution. After an interruption caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, in phase 2, from July 2020 through September 2020, the unit CHG bathing assignments were reversed. Swabs were performed 3 times weekly from patients’ arms and legs to measure skin microbial colonization and CHG concentration. Other outcomes included HAIs, adverse reactions, and skin tolerability.

    Results:

    411 assessments occurred after baths with 2% cloth, and 425 assessments occurred after baths with 4% solution. Average microbial colonization was 691 (interquartile range 0, 30) colony-forming units per square centimeter (CFU/cm2) for patients bathed with 2% cloths, 1,627 (0, 265) CFUs/cm2 for 4% solution, and 8,519 (10, 1130) CFUs/cm2 for patients who did not have a CHG bath (P < .001). Average CHG skin concentration (parts per million) was 1300.4 (100, 2000) for 2% cloths, 307.2 (30, 200) for 4% solution, and 32.8 (0, 20) for patients without a recorded CHG bath. Both CHG bathing methods were well tolerated. Although underpowered, no difference in HAI was noted between groups.

    Conclusions:

    Either CHG bathing method resulted in a significant decrease in microbial skin colonization with a greater CHG concentration and fewer organisms associated with 2% CHG cloths.

  • Religious Intolerance and the Semiotics of Secular Indeterminacy in Brazil

  • Elina Inkeri Hartikainen
  • Journal:
    Signs and Society ,
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 January 2025, pp. 1-24
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  • The functioning of the liberal order relies on the semiotic indeterminacy of its key concepts—they need to be broad enough to encompass multiple, and at times conflicting articulations—but the denotational open-endedness of these concepts also renders them particularly useful for efforts to unsettle liberal political projects. In Brazil, state institutions’ secularist commitments to retaining “religion” and its derivates as denotationally indeterminant both constrain efforts to combat Evangelical Christian “religious intolerance” against African origin religious traditions and enable Evangelical Christian graftings of the discourse of “religious intolerance” onto claims that frame the efforts to curb their attacks on religious and sexual minorities as a form of religious persecution. These effects are, however, rendered invisible by the state emphasis on the denotational open-endedness of “religious intolerance,” which obscures the different forms of enregisterment that organize the entextualization of the term in religious activist and government spaces in Brazil.

  • Report of the 19th International Congress on Twin Studies, 26−28 September 2024, Assisi, Italy

  • Jeffrey M. Craig, Nancy Segal, Adam Domonkos Tarnoki, David Laszlo Tarnoki
  • Journal:
    Twin Research and Human Genetics , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 January 2025, pp. 1-2
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  • The International Society for Twin Studies (ISTS) held its 19th scientific congress in Assisi, Italy, from September 26 to 28, 2024. This prestigious event, which was the seventh joint meeting with the World Congress on Twin Pregnancy, brought together researchers from various fields, including psychology, biology and medicine. Representatives from ICOMBO (the International Consortium of Multiple Birth Organisations), which supports multiple-birth families worldwide, were also in attendance. Many twin researchers consider this event to be the highlight of their professional year, as it brings together experts and parents alike to discuss the latest advancements in twin studies.

  • 7 - Hail Mary Propulsion Systems, Inc.

  • Ed Regis
  • Book:
    Starbound
    Published online:
    12 December 2024
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025, pp 119-142

  • Summary

    Many propulsion systems designed for interstellar travel are last-ditch, desperation schemes with very small chances of a payoff. The decidedly iffy status of some of the propulsion concepts so far discussed – the Alcubierre Drive, Sonny White’s warp drive – have led some star travel proponents to conceive of other exotic, “alternative,” or overly imaginative propulsion methodologies: flying through wormholes, for example, or crackpot faster-than-light schemes such as tachyon drives. But those concepts are so far-out and unlikely as to be well beyond even Hail Mary desperation status. There are some further theoretically possible systems, however, that just might work. The least implausible of them all is the controlled nuclear fusion drive. It was this type of engine that would supposedly propel the otherwise unworkable Bussard Interstellar Ramjet as well as the second stage of the Project Daedalus starship. In its favor is the fact that nuclear fusion is the single Hail Mary propulsion technology that is currently under active development.

  • Chapter B

  • from Drugs: An A–Z Guide
  • Henry G. W. Paw, York Hospital, York, Rob Shulman, University College London Hospitals, London
  • Book:
    Handbook of Drugs in Intensive Care
    Published online:
    15 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025, pp 44-50

  • Summary

    Benzylpenicillin can only be given parenterally. It is active against most streptococci but the majority of strains of Staphylococcus aureus are resistant due to penicillinase production. Resistance rates are increasing in Streptococcus pneumoniae, and benzylpenicillin should probably not be used for empiric treatment of meningitis unless local levels of resistance are extremely low. All strains of Neisseria meningitidis remain sensitive.

  • Systemic venous collaterals between Glenn and Fontan: prevalence, therapy, and impact on outcomes

  • Michelle Bao Hoa Nguyen Cong, Thibault Schaeffer, Takuya Osawa, Jonas Palm, Carolin Niedermaier, Nicole Piber, Muneaki Matsubara, Paul Philipp Heinisch, Stanimir Georgiev, Alfred Hager, Peter Ewert, Jürgen Hörer, Masamichi Ono
  • Journal:
    Cardiology in the Young , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 January 2025, pp. 1-8
  • Objective:

    This study aimed to evaluate veno-venous collaterals between bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt and total cavopulmonary connection.

    Methods:

    Patients who underwent staged total cavopulmonary connection between 1995 and 2022 were reviewed. Veno-venous collaterals between bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt and total cavopulmonary connection were depicted using angiograms. The prevalence of veno-venous collaterals, the risks for the development of veno-venous collaterals, and the impact of veno-venous collaterals on outcomes were analysed.

    Results:

    In total, 586 patients were included. Veno-venous collaterals were found in 72 (12.3%) patients. Majority of veno-venous collaterals originated from the superior caval vein and drained into the inferior caval vein. Before bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt, mean pulmonary artery pressure (16.3 vs. 14.5 mmHg, p = 0.018), and trans-pulmonary gradient (9.5 vs. 8.0 mmHg, p = 0.030) were higher in patients with veno-venous collaterals compared to those without. Veno-venous collaterals intervention was performed in 32 (5.5%) patients, in a median of 29 (16–152) days after bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt. Before total cavopulmonary connection, pulmonary artery pressure (10.3 vs. 9.4 mmHg, p = 0.015) and ventricular end-diastolic pressure (8.4 vs. 7.6 mmHg, p = 0.035) were higher, and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2, 80.6 vs. 82.6 %, p = 0.018) was lower in patients with veno-venous collaterals compared to those without. More palliations before total cavopulmonary connection (p < 0.001, odds ratio: 1.689) were an independent risk for the development of veno-venous collaterals. Veno-venous collaterals did not affect survival after total cavopulmonary connection (92.8 vs. 92.7% at 10 years, p = 0.600).

    Conclusions:

    The prevalence of veno-venous collaterals between bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt and total cavopulmonary connection was 12%. Veno-venous collaterals may be induced by the elevated pulmonary artery pressure and trans-pulmonary gradient, and also by more previous palliations. However, they had no impact on clinical outcomes following total cavopulmonary connection.

  • Pulmonary aspergillosis in US Veterans with COVID-19: a nationwide, retrospective cohort study

  • Kaitlin Swinnerton, Nathanael R. Fillmore, Ikwo Oboho, Janet Grubber, Mary Brophy, Nhan V Do, Paul A Monach, Westyn Branch-Elliman
  • Journal:
    Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology / Volume 5 / Issue 1 / 2025
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 January 2025, e28
    • Article
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      • Open access
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  • Background:

    COVID-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) was described early in the pandemic as a complication of SARS-CoV-2. Data about incidence of aspergillosis and characteristics of affected patients after mid-2021 are limited.

    Methods:

    A retrospective, nationwide cohort of US Veterans with SARS-CoV-2 from 1/1/2020 to 2/7/2024 was created. Potential cases of aspergillosis ≤12 weeks of a SARS-CoV-2 test were flagged electronically (based on testing results indicative of invasive fungal infection, antifungal therapy, and/or ICD-10 codes), followed by manual review to establish the clinical diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis. Incidence rates were calculated per 10,000 SARS-CoV-2 cases. Selected clinical characteristics included age >70, receipt of immune-compromising drugs, hematologic malignancy, chronic respiratory disease, vaccination status, and vaccine era. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the independent effects of these variables via adjusted odds ratios (aOR).

    Results:

    Among 674,343 Veterans with SARS-CoV-2, 165 were electronically flagged for review. Of these, 66 were judged to be cases of aspergillosis. Incidence proportions ranged from 0.30/10,000 among patients with zero risk factors to 34/10,000 among those with ≥3 risk factors; rates were similar in the pre- and post-vaccination eras. The 90-day mortality among aspergillosis cases was 50%. In the multivariate analysis, immune suppression (aOR 6.47, CI 3.84–10.92), chronic respiratory disease (aOR 3.57, CI 2.10–6.14), and age >70 (aOR 2.78, CI 1.64–4.80) were associated with aspergillosis.

    Conclusions:

    Patients with underlying risk factors for invasive aspergillosis continue to be at some risk despite SARS-CoV-2 immunization. Risk in patients without immune suppression or preexisting lung disease is very low.

  • 10 - Let Us Hibernate

  • Ed Regis
  • Book:
    Starbound
    Published online:
    12 December 2024
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025, pp 180-195

  • Summary

    The obligation to support space exploration can be defended in at least three ways: (1) the ‘argument from resources,’ that space exploration is useful for amplifying our available resources; (2) the ‘argument from asteroids,’ that space exploration is necessary for protecting the environment and its inhabitants from extraterrestrial threats such as meteorite impacts; and (3) the ‘argument from solar burnout,’ that we are obligated to pursue interstellar colonization in order to ensure long-term human survival. However, even if we accept all three propositions, that space exploration will give us access to asteroidal and other resources; will allow us to defend ourselves against meteorites (by intercepting or destroying them); a+L16nd finally that interstellar colonization might be useful in saving us from solar burnout, it does not follow that we have an obligation to do any of those things. What follows is that we have reasons to take those actions as practical measures that will bring about the ends in question. But no obligation per se arises from the fact that those measures will be helpful in attaining those ends.

The Gentle Shepherd

The Cambridge Centennial Edition of The Great Gatsby
  • F. Scott Fitzgerald
  • Edited with Introduction and Notes by James L. W. West, III, Sarah Churchwell
  • Published online:
    29 January 2025
    Print publication:
    28 January 2025
  • The Great Gatsby is often called the great American novel. Emblematic of an entire era, F. Scott Fitzgerald's classic tale of illicit desire, grand illusions, and lost dreams is rendered in a lyrical prose that revives a vanished world of glittering parties and vibrant jazz, where money and deceit walk hand in hand. Rich in humor, sharply observant of status and class, the book tells the story of Jay Gatsby's efforts to keep his faith – in money, in love, in all the promises of America – amid the chaos and conflict of life on Long Island's Gold Coast during the Roaring Twenties. This centennial edition presents the established version of the text in a collector's volume replete with social, cultural, and historical context, and numerous illustrations. The authoritative introduction examines persistent myths about Fitzgerald, his greatest work, and the age he embodies, while offering fresh ways of reading this iconic work.

Page 343 of 167764