Racial and ethnic variations in antibiotic utilization are well-reported in outpatient settings but little is known about inpatient settings. Our objective was to describe national inpatient antibiotic utilization among children by race and ethnicity.

This study included hospital visit data from the Pediatric Health Information System between 01/01/2022 and 12/31/2022 for patients <20 years. Primary outcomes were the percentage of hospitalization encounters that received an antibiotic and antibiotic days of therapy (DOT) per 1000 patient days. Mixed-effect regression models were used to determine the association of race-ethnicity with outcomes, adjusting for covariates.

There were 846,530 hospitalizations. 45.2% of children were Non-Hispanic (NH) White, 27.1% were Hispanic, 19.2% were NH Black, 4.5% were NH Other, 3.5% were NH Asian, 0.3% were NH Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander (NHPI) and 0.2% were NH American Indian. Adjusting for covariates, NH Black children had lower odds of receiving antibiotics compared to NH White children (aOR 0.96, 95%CI 0.94–0.97), while NH NHPI had higher odds of receiving antibiotics (aOR 1.16, 95%CI 1.05–1.29). Children who were Hispanic, NH Asian, NH American Indian, and children who were NH Other received antibiotic DOT compared to NH White children, while NH NHPI children received more antibiotic DOT.

Antibiotic utilization in children’s hospitals differs by race and ethnicity. Hospitals should assess policies and practices that may contribute to disparities in treatment; antibiotic stewardship programs may play an important role in promoting inpatient pharmacoequity. Additional research is needed to examine individual diagnoses, clinical outcomes, and drivers of variation.

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) and midline catheters (MC) are widely used for intravenous infusions in oncology and critically ill patients. However, controversy remains regarding which method is superior. This meta-analysis systematically compares the safety differences between these 2 methods of intravenous catheterization.

Eligible studies comparing PICC and MC were identified through searches in 6 databases. Thrombosis is the primary endpoint, while secondary endpoints include other complications, cost, and satisfaction rate.

Fourteen studies with 20,675 patients were analyzed. Based on patient data, the MC group exhibited higher rates of catheter-related superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) (risk ratio [RR]: 0.42 [0.28, 0.64]), infiltrations (RR: 0.27 [0.12, 0.62]), and leaks (RR: 0.16 [0.05, 0.53]). In contrast, the PICC group had more catheter-related bloodstream infections (RR: 1.95 [1.15, 3.32]). Considering catheter days, the MC group showed increased total complications (RR: 0.51 [0.26, 0.99]), catheter-related thrombosis (deep vein thrombosis [DVT]+SVT) (RR: 0.41 [0.18, 0.95]), and leaks (RR: 0.17 [0.05, 0.64]). In the PICC group, the top 3 complications were catheter occlusions (20 per 1,000 catheter days [CDs]), pain (15 per 1,000 CDs), and phlebitis (11 per 1,000 CDs); for the MC group, they were leaks (33 per 1,000 CDs), premature removals (22 per 1,000 CDs), and catheter-related DVT (22 per 1,000 CDs). Additionally, the PICC group had higher dissatisfaction rates (RR: 4.77 [2.33, 9.77]) and increased costs.

Compared to MC, PICC appears to be a safer intravenous catheterization option for adult patients, exhibiting fewer complications. However, the higher associated costs and lower satisfaction rates of PICC warrant serious attention.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) treatment is a common form of antibiotic overuse and diagnostic error. Antibiotic stewardship using the inappropriate diagnosis of urinary tract infection (ID-UTI) measure has reduced ASB treatment in diverse hospitals. However, critical access hospitals (CAHs) have differing resources that could impede stewardship. We aimed to determine if stewardship including the ID-UTI measure could reduce ASB treatment in CAHs.

From October 2022 to July 2023, ten CAHs participated in an Intensive Quality Improvement Cohort (IQIC) program including 3 interventions to reduce ASB treatment: 1) learning labs (ie, didactics with shared learning), 2) mentoring, and 3) data-driven performance reports including hospital peer comparison based on the ID-UTI measure. To assess effectiveness of the IQIC program, change in the ID-UTI measure (ie, percentage of patients treated for a UTI who had ASB) was compared to two non-equivalent control outcomes (antibiotic duration and unjustified fluoroquinolone use).

Ten CAHs abstracted a total of 608 positive urine culture cases. Over the cohort period, the percentage of patients treated for a UTI who had ASB declined (aOR per month = 0.935, 95% CI: 0.873, 1.001, P = 0.055) from 28.4% (range across hospitals, 0%-63%) in the first to 18.6% (range, 0%-33%) in the final month. In contrast, antibiotic duration and unjustified fluoroquinolone use were unchanged (P = 0.768 and 0.567, respectively).

The IQIC intervention, including learning labs, mentoring, and performance reports using the ID-UTI measure, was associated with a non-significant decrease in treatment of ASB, while control outcomes (duration and unjustified fluoroquinolone use) did not change.

Inappropriate antibiotic use in infants can have multiple adverse effects and contribute to the development of bacteria resistant to antimicrobials. Antimicrobial stewardship programs can reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an antimicrobial stewardship program implemented in 2017 in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at The Children’s Hospital Iceland.

The study included all infants who were admitted to the NICU during the study period (January 1st 2012–October 31st 2020). Data was collected from hospital records. Three periods were defined: preimplementation (2012–2014), peri-implementation (2015–2016) and postimplementation (2017–October 2020). Antibiotic use was quantified using days of therapy (DOT) per 1000 bed days (BD). For statistical analysis the pre- and postimplementation periods were compared.

Antibiotics were administered in 38.6% (1372) of admissions to the NICU during the study period. Antimicrobial use per year decreased from 584.6 to 317.1 DOT/1000 BD per year (P < 0.001). Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics decreased significantly. The average number of BD per month decreased from 297.8 to 220.9 BD/month (P = 0.0096). There were no significant changes in the length of stay for each infant or the proportion of readmissions or retreatment.

Increased awareness of appropriate use of antimicrobials in the NICU led to shorter treatments and less use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. No increase in adverse effects such as readmissions or retreatment was observed.

To determine the regional impact of transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms (MRDOs) and Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) among a tertiary care hospital and surrounding facilities including long-term care facilities (LTCFs).

Retrospective cohort study.

Patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital from July 2019 to July 2021 were recruited if their clinically collected cultures grew the following pathogens: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas aeruginosa with difficult-to-treat resistance, Carbapenem-resistant Enterobaterales, Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, and C. difficile. Patient characteristics including admission and discharge pathway were collected. For the isolates of MRSA, ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli), and C. difficile, a molecular epidemiological analysis was conducted, utilizing the PCR-based Open-Reading Frame Typing (POT) method.

Three hundred-five patients were identified with a total of 332 culture specimens of the target pathogens. The top three were 132 MRSA isolates (43.3%, out of 305), 97 ESBL E. coli (31.8%), and 32 ESBL Enterobacterales (non-E. coli) (10.5%). The target pathogens were more detectable within 3 days among patients admitted from LTCFs or other hospitals than those admitted from home (Odds Ratio 4.6, 95% confidence interval 2.8-7.6, p-value < 0.001). The molecular epidemiological analysis suggested the transmissions of MRSA, ESBL E. coli and C. difficile occurred 52 out of 111 patients within the in-hospital environment, and 7 out of 128 within the prehospital environment, respectively.

MDROs/C. difficile transmission is prevalent within a tertiary care hospital and further complicated by its inter-facility transmission across surrounding LTCFs and hospitals in Japan.

To better delineate multiplexed gastrointestinal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panel (MGPP) diagnostic and therapeutic stewardship for patients undergoing treatment for acute leukemia including indications and benefits of testing, optimal timing, and interpretation of results.

We retrieved all MGPP ordered on 662 consecutive patients admitted with newly diagnosed acute leukemia between June 2015 and May 2024.

Regional referral center for acute leukemia.

Fifty-one (17%) of 305 MGPP obtained on the 198 patients who underwent testing identified at least one and 4 (1%) more than one diarrheagenic pathogen. The probability of a positive result was greater if obtained as an outpatient [20/52(38%)], but was not related to type of leukemia, sex, or age. Among the positive results, the pathogens identified included Clostridioides difficile (78% of tests), norovirus (16%), diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (6%), adenovirus 40/41 (4%), and Giardia lamblia (4%). The results of 30 of the 305 tests resulted in a change in treatment (28 C. difficile, 2 G. lamblia). For the MGPP C. difficile results with an accompanying toxin determination, this included treatment following 16/19 tests with a positive toxin result and 11/19 with a negative. Actionable results other than C. difficile were rarely seen in the inpatient population.

MGPP testing is most useful when administered as an outpatient and of little benefit for inpatients with hospital-onset diarrhea. Since MGPP is sensitive and does not distinguish between colonization and causes of diarrhea, caution is needed in interpretation of results, especially for toxin-negative C. difficile.

We aimed to describe the incidence, pathogens, and antimicrobial susceptibility of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) in adult intensive care units (ICU).

State surveillance data from 2011 to 2022 were analyzed to identify patient and device days and CLABSI events. Pathogen data were analyzed to determine the most common organisms and patterns of antimicrobial resistance grouped into 3-year time epochs.

Adult ICU in Victoria, Australia.

Healthcare organizations participating in CLABSI state surveillance.

608 events were reported over 751,350 device days. Overall, CLABSI incidence was 0.81 per 1,000 central-line days, with a 49.3% rate reduction from 2011 to 2022 (1.39 to 0.70 per 1,000 central-line days). Overall device utilization ratio was 0.57, with a 15.4% reduction from 2011 to 2022 (0.67 vs 0.56). Of 690 pathogens, the most common by rank order were coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS), Candida species, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The proportion of CNS-causing events increased by 69.0% from 2011 to 2022; this trend was not observed for other organisms. For every increase in epoch, a 33% decrease in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 4% increase in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and 12% increase in ceftriaxone-resistant Escherichia coli pathogens were observed.

We demonstrate a decreasing incidence of CLABSI in Victorian adult ICU and an increasing burden of infections due to CNS. No significant time trend increases in antimicrobial-resistant organisms, including MRSA, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium, and ceftriaxone-resistant E. coli were observed. These findings are relevant for identifying priorities for CLABSI prevention in Victorian adult ICU.

Post-procedural antimicrobial prophylaxis is not recommended by professional guidelines but is commonly prescribed. We sought to reduce use of post-procedural antimicrobials after common endoscopic urologic procedures.

A before-after, quasi-experimental trial with a baseline (July 2020–June 2022), an implementation (July 2022), and an intervention period (August 2022–July 2023).

Three participating medical centers.

We assessed the effect of a bundled intervention on excess post-procedural antimicrobial use (ie, antimicrobial use on post-procedural day 1) after three types of endoscopic urologic procedures: ureteroscopy and transurethral resection of bladder tumor or prostate. The intervention consisted of education, local champion(s), and audit-and-feedback of data on the frequency of post-procedural antimicrobial-prescribing.

1,272 procedures were performed across all 3 sites at baseline compared to 525 during the intervention period; 644 (50.6%) patients received excess post-procedural antimicrobials during the baseline period compared to 216 (41.1%) during the intervention period. There was no change in the use of post-procedural antimicrobials at sites 1 and 2 between the baseline and intervention periods. At site 3, the odds of prescribing a post-procedural antimicrobial significantly decreased during the intervention period relative to the baseline time trend (0.09; 95% CI 0.02–0.45). There was no significant increase in post-procedural unplanned visits at any of the sites.

Implementation of a bundled intervention was associated with reduced post-procedural antimicrobial use at one of three sites, with no increase in complications. These findings demonstrate both the safety and challenge of guideline implementation for optimal perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis.

This trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04196777.

We conducted a quantitative analysis of the microbial burden and prevalence of epidemiologically important pathogens (EIP) found on long-term care facilities (LTCF) environmental surfaces.

Microbiological samples were collected using Rodac plates (25cm2/plate) from resident rooms and common areas in five LTCFs. EIP were defined as MRSA, VRE, C. difficile and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative rods (GNRs).

Rooms of residents with reported colonization had much greater EIP counts per Rodac (8.32 CFU, 95% CI 8.05, 8.60) than rooms of non-colonized residents (0.78 CFU, 95% CI 0.70, 0.86). Sixty-five percent of the resident rooms and 50% of the common areas were positive for at least one EIP. If a resident was labeled by the facility as colonized with an EIP, we only found that EIP in 30% of the rooms. MRSA was the most common EIP recovered, followed by C. difficile and MDR-GNR.

We found frequent environmental contamination with EIP in LTCFs. Colonization status of a resident was a strong predictor of higher levels of EIP being recovered from his/her room.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention encourages nurses to evaluate penicillin allergies as part of hospital-based antibiotic stewardship programs. We evaluated the feasibility of an implementation strategy to improve nurses’ comprehensive documentation of penicillin allergies. We defined feasibility as the uptake and acceptability of documentation procedures.

Six-month pre-post feasibility implementation study.

Outpatient surgical areas of an academic medical center located in the U.S.

The implementation strategy was guided by the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation Model for Behavior Change and included, building an interdisciplinary coalition to iteratively evaluate the implementation effort, educational meetings with surgical prescribers and perioperative nurses, the development and distribution of educational pocket cards, and structured communication messages in the electronic medical record.

A total of 426 patients with 487 penicillin allergy records (216 records pre-implementation period, 271 records post-implementation period) were analyzed. Penicillin allergy documentation contained the following information in the pre- versus post-implementation period: symptoms of the reaction (87% vs 87%), timing/years since reaction (8% vs 26%), onset of reaction in relation to taking penicillin (0% vs 21%), how symptoms resolved (0% vs 21%), and penicillin re-exposure (3% vs 21%). Focus groups revealed nurses perceived documentation procedures as highly acceptable. Major drivers of acceptability included the perceived effectiveness of a detailed allergy history and self-efficacy in conducting a detailed allergy history.

Nurses perceived the comprehensive documentation of penicillin allergy history intervention as acceptable, and uptake improved following a theory-informed implementation strategy. We offer implementation strategy components to facilitate nurses’ engagement in penicillin allergy evaluation.