The introduction provides an overview of the reasons why sustainable finance is high in the regulatory agenda, in the EU and increasingly elsewhere. It shows how the EU started to follow up on the UN goals for a more sustainable development, and how it translated those goals, first into its action plans and then into regulatory measures. The case for sustainability as a tool to manage climate and environmental risks is then explained. The introduction then summarises the contents and the main results of each chapter within the collection.

The complexity of movement disorders poses challenges for clinical management and research. Functional imaging with PET or SPECT allows in-vivo assessment of the molecular underpinnings of movement disorders, and biomarkers can aid clinical decision making and understanding of pathophysiology, or determine patient eligibility and endpoints in clinical trials. Imaging targets traditionally include functional processes at the molecular level, typically neurotransmitter systems or brain metabolism, and more recently abnormal protein accumulation, a pathologic hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. Functional neuroimaging provides complementary information to structural neuroimaging (e.g. anatomic MRI), as molecular/functional changes can present in the absence of, prior to, or alongside structural brain changes. Movement disorder specialists should be aware of the indications, advantages and limitations of molecular functional imaging. An overview is given of functional molecular imaging in movement disorders, covering methodologic background information, typical molecular changes in common movement disorders, and emerging topics with potential for greater future importance.

This chapter discusses terminal coalgebras obtained by methods other than the finitary iteration that we saw in Chapter 3. One way is by taking a quotient of a weakly terminal coalgebra. Another is to use Worrell’s Theorem: the terminal coalgebra of a finitary set functor is obtainable as a limit, using a doubled form of infinite iteration. The chapter also contains a number of presentations of the terminal coalgebra of the finite power-set functor on sets and of the first infinite limit of its terminal-coalgebra chain.

This chapter aims to discuss the presence and implications of using English Medium Instruction (EMI) in two contexts of the Global South; namely, Malaysia, a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and Brazil in Latin America. In both countries language policy and planning are complex. EMI has been adopted following a recent trend towards the internationalization of the higher education system where English has also become the main language for research and publication. The dominance of Western scientific paradigms, the promotion of English as the language of education, and the dissemination of knowledge through English have led to a neglect of knowledge produced in languages other than English. Furthermore, the adoption of a single language threatens the role of other languages in higher education. This chapter examines this trend in face of the need to protect the national language as well as other languages to guarantee an ecology of knowledges and languages in higher education.

Gait and balance are fundamental human abilities. When assessing a patient, a certain phenomenologic gait pattern is identified based on characteristic signs that we relate to anatomic systems (topo-diagnosis). According to their functional complexity, these systems can be categorized into lower-level systems (bones, muscles, nerves); intermediate-level systems (basal ganglia, cerebellum, sensory systems); and higher-level systems (cortex–basal ganglia loops). In a second step, we relate this to an underlying etiology, giving rise to a two-axis diagnosis. Gait examination can show direct stepping disturbances as well as indirect, i.e., compensatory changes mainly related to dysbalance (e.g., broad-based gait). The most common disorders include the “ataxias,” related to disturbances of the cerebellum or the sensory systems; basal ganglia gait disorders with parkinsonian or hyperkinetic phenomenology; and higher-level gait disorders, related to disturbances within the cortex–basal ganglia loops, which lead to inappropriate selection and organization of gait and balance programs, resulting in impaired stepping (with freezing of gait) and balance.

Monuments hold a special significance for the shaping and the perpetuation of historical memory. The past is discussed in terms of the conceptual, idealized past of public monuments; the local past of ancient sites from the early days of the community; the genealogical past of homes and tombs; and the unifying past of historiography. Noting that the historical memory of the Romans will only transpire if these different forms of memory are synthesized, each one with due recognition to the institutions and situations in which memory were deployed, Tonio Hölscher argues for a certain hierarchy: prioritization of material expressions of the past leads him to regard Roman historiography as an offshoot of historical memory with limited social impact; monuments, on the other hand, powerful and with vast visibility in the centre of the city, wield inescapable impact upon Roman society. The essay concludes with Hölscher expressing his opinion on the place and design of the Holocaust Memorial in Berlin, the planning of which had become the focus of a major public debate in Germany at the time.

Arbib’s chapter places the old debate over whether the protowords of protolanguage may often be holophrases or are more akin to words of current languages within the context of Bickerton’s changing views on the emergence of languages from protolanguages. He traces Bickerton’s ideas from the Universal Grammar with a default parameters approach of the Language Bioprogram Hypothesis via the “just add Merge” account of Adam’s Tongue: How Humans Made Language, How Language Made Humans to the replacement of Universal Grammar by a notion of Universal Bases of Language in More than Nature Needs: Language, Mind, and Evolution. As a counterpoise, Arbib considers the Mirror System Hypothesis of the evolution of the language-ready brain in which, starting from protowords, words and constructions akin to those of modern languages emerged via cultural evolution with fractionation of holophrases playing a crucial (but not the only) initial role.

PSP was identified in 1963 by Richardson, Steele and Olszewski, as an “unusual syndrome” characterized by axial rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability with falls, cognitive deficits, and supranuclear vertical gaze palsy, with uniform tau pathology predominating in the neurons of the pallido-nigro-luysian axis. The classical view is that tau protein and neuropil thread accumulation appears mainly in the subthalamic nucleus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, pontine tegmentum, striatum, oculomotor nucleus, medulla, and dentate nucleus, but there is growing evidence that cortical tau pathology is also common. Tau pathology uniformly predominates in the neurons of the pallido-nigro-luysian axis, but clinical PSP subtypes confirmed differential distribution patterns of neuronal, astroglial, and oligodendroglial tau pathologies both in total tau load and cell-type specific vulnerability patterns of brain regions, suggesting distinct dynamics or circuit-specific segregation of propagation of tau pathologies with accumulation of brainstem neurofibrillary tangles. Here, the novel clinicopathologic classification of PSP syndromes with specifically underlying neuropathology is discussed.

There is a large body of academic literature about financial inclusion and financial exclusion in both applied and theoretical works. The causes, sizes, and consequences of both phenomena are analyzed and evaluated, which leads to the formulation of conclusions and recommendations as to how to enhance financial inclusion. This chapter surveys not only the traditional perspective of financial inclusion and exclusion but also the role of new technologies, providing innovative solutions behind the concept of digital banking inclusion. Moreover, the chapter considers new possibilities for adopting digital financial services that result from lockdowns and promotion of contactless modes of payment to reduce the risk of viruses spread through the handling of cash. With regard to the increased use of digital banking access channels, the importance of financial education in the context of ensuring cybersecurity is highlighted.