The question of whether ‘specialist’ securities such as use-of-proceeds green bonds should be subject to a greater level of regulation has attracted considerable attention among policymakers and market actors. Much is at stake, especially because the green bond market has seen significant growth over the years. In this chapter we consider the role that EU prospectus disclosure regulation should play in relation to instruments such as green bonds. We examine the rationale for mandatory prospectus regulation and consider the role played by different market initiatives that have hitherto filled the regulatory gap. We are critical of current practices and argue in favour of mandatory ‘green bond’ prospectus requirements.

This chapter analyses the EU Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) by proposing that we should think about the SFDR as a layered system of sustainability-related disclosures, which combine the concepts of “single materiality” and “double materiality”. The authors offer a new perspective on popular proposals to turn the SFDR into a labelling scheme but argue that supervisors should avoid such avenues. The chapter emphasises that it is not the definition of “sustainable investment” which is relevant, but the additional disclosure requirements that apply as soon as a financial market participant deems its financial product to be in line with the definition. The SFDR encourages robust internal assessments over blind reliance on opaque ESG rating agencies and provides financial market participants with the freedom to justify what a contribution to an environmental or social objective means. This freedom sets it apart from a labeling mechanism with a clearly defined threshold of what a contribution should entail. The chapter also analyzes proposed guidelines by ESMA for regulating the names of investment funds that involve sustainable investment, and concludes that those guidelines do not create a clear labelling regime.

Electronic media use by first ladies dates to the 1930s when Lou Hoover delivered her first radio address. The development of radio and television—and later social media—placed a greater emphasis on image and personality, giving first ladies the opportunity to be heard as well as seen, and in some cases offering them more control over their messaging. This chapter looks at several notable examples of how first ladies strategically used—and in some cases misused—electronic media to shape their public image, support their husband’s programs, and advocate for their own causes.

This chapter examines how the acquisition of material and immaterial things from outside visitors to Surama Village is used in local projects of transformation and becoming. The chapter begins with the author’s encounter with a villager in Surama who claimed to have inadvertently started becoming ‘white’ during his work with a BBC film crew. This transformation mostly centred around changes in diet and clothing. The chapter discusses how such transformations among the Makushi occur at a broader level through changing practices and how they are often associated with ‘development’ in the present. It links Makushi interactions with tourists with bodily orientated perspectival changes and shows how transformation is seen in the desires for education, healthcare, and political representation in Surama Village. Transformation is also seen in the gradual adoption of economic individualism, wage labour, and a cash-mediated economy. The chapter focuses on the shamanic aspects (particularly perspectival shape-shifting) of such transformations.

The afterword discusses the author’s return to Surama Village in 2019–2020 and describes recent political and economic changes. The chapter further addresses the consequences following the death of the local shaman (Mogo) and the elevation of one of the early promoters of eco-tourism in Surama to national political prominence. This final chapter addresses the mixed record of ‘development’ in Surama Village and the still changing nature of the eco-tourism economy in the context of Covid-19 and political uncertainties. It also further connects the book’s themes with the Amazonian ethnological literature as part of a broader examination of Makushi practices of drawing in the outside through persons, objects, and organisations. The chapter reiterates the significance of a shamanic relational mode for contemporary Makushi interactions with certain visitors (particularly tourists) in the village and the importance of these relations to the Makushi in forming partnerships with outsiders aimed at addressing contemporary challenges.

Chapter 22 analyzes whether and to what extent sustainability can be integrated into EU fit and proper testing for members of the management body of banks, insurers and investment companies. It concludes that (prospective) members should indeed have sufficient knowledge, skills and expertise in sustainability, both as a collective and individually. The extent to which this knowledge is required depends on the institution and the specific role and responsibilities of the director. However, every director must have basic sustainability knowledge and expertise to adequately perform his or her role. It is argued that EU supervisors, including the ECB, should use the fit and proper test, or at least engage in serious dialogue with financial institutions, to ensure that there is sufficient ESG expertise in the management body. This is well within their mandate since core prudential values such as the solidity of the institution and stability of the financial sector may be at stake. To ensure a level playing field within the EU, it is recommended that EU regulators set out more specific requirements regarding ESG expertise in Level 1 or 2 legislation. This would also provide greater legal certainty for financial institutions and (proposed) members of the management body.

Martin Jehne looks at the Roman comitia through the lens of their rich symbolism. Set in a demarcated space and sanctioned by the auspices of the gods, the popular assemblies were, in general, integrative: they symbolized the belonging of the citizens to the community as a whole. But the assemblies (comitia centuriata, comitia tributa, and comitia curiata) were far from uniform. Each one, argues Jehne, wielded a different type of integrative force upon its participants. The centuriate assembly emphasized hierarchy and vertical integration; the tribal assemblies had an essentially egalitarian structure. In light of a rapidly expanding body of citizens, the integrating capacities of the popular assemblies ought to have shrunk. Creating a climate of consensus and communality, those capacities were preserved in the assemblies’ roles as referential quantities that embodied ideas of hierarchy and equality vital to the libera res publica.

Particle-resolved (PR), Euler–Lagrange (EL), and Euler–Euler (EE) formulations are the three widely used computational approaches in multiphase flow. In PR formulation, the focus is on the flow physics at the microscale and all the details are resolved at the microscale. However, due to computational limitations, the PR approach cannot reach the length and time scales needed to explore the meso and macroscale multiphase phenomenon. In the EL formulation of a dispersed multiphase flow, the continuous phase is averaged (or filtered), and all the microscale details of the flow on the scale of individual particles are coarse-grained. If all the dispersed phase elements (i.e., all the particles, drops, or bubbles) are tracked then there is no averaging of the dispersed phase. In the EE formulation, both the continuous and dispersed phases are averaged/filtered. We will discuss systematic coarse graining to obtain the governing equations of the EL and EE approaches. The coarse-graining process introduces two interesting challenges: (i) the unavoidable closure problem where the Reynolds stress and flux terms must be expressed in terms of filtered meso/macroscale variables, and (ii) the coupling between the continuous and the dispersed phases must be appropriately posed in terms of the filtered variables. Recent innovations on both these fronts are discussed.

Scale-resolving simulation (SRS) methods of practical interest are coarse-graining formulations widely used in science and engineering. These methods aim to efficiently predict complex flows by only resolving the phenomena not amenable to modeling, unleashing the concept of accuracy on demand. This chapter provides an overview of the SRS methods best suited for engineering applications: hybrid and bridging models. It starts by reviewing basic turbulence modeling concepts. Following on from that is an overview of hybrid and bridging models, discussing their main advantages and limitations. The challenges to the predictive application of these models are enumerated, as well as possible strategies to solve or mitigate them. Several examples are provided to illustrate the potential of these classes of SRS methods. Overall, the chapter intends to help new and experienced SRS modelers and users obtain predictive turbulence computations.

This chapter centres around a structural equivalency between certain outside entities (e.g., anthropologists, tourists, and some organisations) and shamanic spirits (e.g., master-owners and spirit allies) in Surama Village. This equivalency is explored in connexion with the relational modes (particularly kinship and shamanism) and means (particularly hospitality) through which Makushi people form and manage strategic engagements with human and non-human others. This chapter articulates themes from previous chapters to clarify how Makushi shamanism reveals the status of contemporary visitors (particularly tourists) as akin to spirit allies and the Iwokrama International Centre as a magnified master-owner. Makushi shamanic relations with spirits, past missionaries, tourists, and organisations resonate and overlap. Makushi people seek esoteric knowledge and material goods from such outside entities. The chapter also discusses the spatial centralisation of alterity in Surama Village. The author’s status as a visitor and potential ally is highlighted to reflexively position the author within these relations.

Framenets and constructiCons are applied instantiations of the linguistic frameworks known as Frame Semantics and Construction Grammar, respectively, in the form of computational, semiformally structured linguistic resources. The resources have a common history, both theoretically and in design: They are built as English-language resources in the framework of the Berkeley FrameNet initiative. They enjoy the double nature of being descriptive linguistic resources as well as finding frequent use in a computational linguistic context, where they have been used both in NLP applications and as underlying knowledge bases in areas such as computer-assisted language learning. The chapter provides a bird’s-eye view on these resources: their theoretical foundations; design principles and how they are compiled; theoretical and methodological interrelations; the challenges involved in building framenets and constructiCons for new languages and for cross-linguistic application; the differences and interactions between linguistic and computational linguistic work on framenets and constructiCons; application to language pedagogy; and outstanding theoretical and methodological issues.

Two decades or so ago, it seemed that the Sino-American power transition would be an example of peaceful change. Today, the odds of such an outcome have dwindled. Can IOs help to ensure that any resulting changes in the international system’s distribution of power (and of prestige and status) come about peacefully? In this instance, the short answer is “no.” For peaceful change to occur, the onus is on the dominant power – the incumbent hegemon – to accept, and adjust to, the shift in relative power in the rising power’s favor. There is nothing in America’s foreign policy tradition, or political culture, that suggests that the US will accept China’s emergence as its geopolitical, economic, and technological equal – or accord Beijing status and prestige on par with America’s. Rather, the US clings to the status quo of the post-1945 international order – “the world America made” (in Robert Kagan’s words) – and is ready to go to war to preserve it. That is the fundamental reason why the Sino-American power transition likely will not be an example of peaceful change.