Chapter 3 examines scientific accounts of laboratory experiments and outlines antivivisectionist responses to them. By closely scrutinising physiological texts to reveal the ‘real’ experimenter, antivivisectionists produced a language of textual dissection that became problematically allied with laboratory operations and threatened to undermine the movement’s binary rhetoric of ‘Art vs. Science’. Vivisectors and their opponents shared a rhetoric of intense and absorbing concentration, bodily excision and displacement, and triumphant discovery. The chapter then considers three Victorian novels which creatively adapted the reading strategies advanced by antivivisectionist leaders such as Frances Power Cobbe. Wilkie Collins’s Heart and Science (1883), Edward Berdoe’s St Bernard’s (1887), and Walter Hadwen’s Dr Deguerre (1913–18) proffer supplementary texts including real and fictional pamphlets, newspaper articles, and medical papers. These ancillary materials present alternatives to surgical intervention; they reveal diagnostic information and promote alternative holistic approaches to health which catalyse the fictional vivisector’s demise.

Most of the ancient historians give some indication to their audience why they embarked upon writing their history. These remarks sometimes concern themselves with the unique nature of the historian’s subject matter; in addition to the greatness of the deeds, historians will frequently explain other circumstances that led them to the composition of their histories. There is, in general, a tendency as time goes on for authors, while not abandoning the magnification of their theme, to present a more ’personal’ call to history, that is, to say something of themselves and the personal experiences that underlay their writing of history.

This chapter discusses the clinical approach to a patient with a movement disorder, based on the phenomenology of that particular disorder. It summarizes the definitions of the most prevalent movement disorders and highlights particular clinical aspects that may help narrow down the differential diagnosis.

A core purpose of South Africa’s Constitution was to modify private orderings growing out of Apartheid’s legacy of racism. Hence, the South African framers, and specifically those representing the African National Congress (ANC), had strong reason to adopt some version of horizontal application. While republican elements occur in some of the ANC’s early thought on private actors’ duties, such discourses featured less when the party had to find consensus with representatives of the Nationalist Party while negotiating the Interim Constitution. A strong formalist streak in the legal culture, concerns about preserving property rights, and the incentives of institutions such as the Supreme Court of Appeal all cut against the practice of horizontal application. Ultimately, the constitutional framers provided for both direct and indirect horizontal application in the Final Constitution. The ANC’s vision was thus fixed in this feature, and subsequent cases further cemented a break from prior orderings. Republican discourses ensued in cases involving horizontal application and perhaps most clearly in issues striking at the heart of the old Apartheid regime, such as housing and education.

Continuous dopaminergic stimulation aims to avoid fluctuations in plasma levels of antiparkinsonian drugs in Parkinson’s disease. There are limited possibilities for translating this concept into practice with standard oral therapies: subcutaneous infusions of apomorphine (and in the near future most probably also of levodopa) and intestinal infusions of levodopa/carbidopa (LD/CD). Both allow the maintenance of stable drug levels in blood and hence a sustained stimulation of dopamine receptors. The magnitude of the effect is more or less similar between techniques, with a reduction in OFF time, an improvement in ON time, and at least for infusions of LD/CD, documented reduction in dyskinesias. The effect is apparently greater with the intestinal and subcutaneous levodopa infusions given that they were compared with oral LD/CD in their pivotal studies whereas apomorphine was compared with placebo. As of yet, subcutaneous apomorphine and intestinal LD/CD infusions are positioned at the same level of efficacy as surgical treatment of PD and are alternatives for the treatment of patients with motor fluctuations not controlled with conventional treatment.

People with Parkinson’s disease (PD) often suffer from various non-motor symptoms, including manifestations of autonomic dysfunction. The latter encompass cardiovascular, urogenital, gastrointestinal manifestations, sexual dysfunction and thermoregulatory disturbances. Autonomic manifestations can be an intrinsic aspect of PD, resulting from degeneration of parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways, or can be secondary to comorbidity or medication intake. As autonomic dysfunction is prevalent and often troublesome, identification and appropriate treatment are relevant steps in the management of people with Parkinson’s disease. Some manifestations of this autonomic dysfunction may precede the onset of PD motor features by many years, and might be considered biomarkers of this disease. A variety of non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments have been investigated for the treatment of autonomic dysfunction in PD, but a limited evidence base is available so far.

This chapter reviews the K-theory functors due to Segal and Elmendorf–Mandell. These are also called infinite loop space machines because they produce connective spectra from permutative categories and multicategories. Each is constructed as a composite of other functors, via certain diagram categories, that we describe.