INTRODUCTION. When and why did it come about that one prevailing way of understanding what it means to be free was replaced by a strongly contrasting account that came to be no less widely accepted, and still remains dominant? The argument of the book is that, in Anglophone political theory, the change happened quite suddenly in the closing decades of the eighteenth century. Before that time it was generally agreed that what it means to be free is that you are not subject to, or dependent on, the arbitrary will and power of anyone else. Liberty was equated with independence. But by the early nineteenth century it had come to be generally accepted that liberty simply consists in not being restrained from acting as you choose. What prompted the change, the book argues, was not the imperatives of commercial society, as has often been argued. Rather it was a growing anxiety, in the face of the American and French Revolutions, about the democratic potential of the ideal of liberty as independence.

The role of international diplomat developed for first ladies post–World War II. Although Edith Wilson and Eleanor Roosevelt set precedents, Jacqueline Kennedy solidified protocols for diplomatic behavior during the Cold War. First ladies use soft diplomacy as a counterbalance to military policy to advance civil society and democracy. This chapter examines travel as state diplomacy, skill in interpersonal relationship building, fashion and cultural diplomacy, and issue-based negotiation. Analysis includes Pat Nixon’s humanitarian travel and support of détente with China, Rosalynn Carter as surrogate president in Latin America and encourager of Middle East peace, Nancy Reagan as promoter of US–Soviet relations to end the Cold War, Hillary Clinton as a champion of women’s rights as human rights, Laura Bush’s support for Afghan women and girls, and Michelle Obama’s international efforts to promote girls’ education. These exemplary women indicate the power of first ladies to advance progress in education, health, foreign policy, and human rights.

The exact mechanisms underlying dysfunction of the basal ganglia that lead to Parkinson’s disease (PD) remain unclear. According to the standard model of PD, motor symptoms result from abnormal neuronal activity in dysfunctional basal ganglia, which can be recorded in human basal ganglia structures as functional neurosurgery for PD provides a unique opportunity to record from these regions. Microelectrode and local field potential recordings studies show alterations exist in basal ganglia nuclei as well as in the motor thalamus. Lesioning or stimulation of the basal ganglia results in significant improvement of PD symptoms, supporting the view that basal ganglia–thalamocortical circuits abnormality is important in parkinsonism generation. Different patterns of oscillatory neuronal activity plus changes in firing rate are associated with different parkinsonian motor subtypes. We present recordings of basal ganglia activity obtained with microelectrode recordings in parkinsonian patients, providing pathophysiology insight.

This chapter provides an in-depth analysis and discussion of eco-tourism in Surama Village. It considers such tourism’s origins and development in the village, as well as the circumstances regarding its ongoing operations and daily processes. There is an emphasis on the ways that this tourism is described in the local discourse of villagers. The chapter examines villagers’ interactions with outsiders, such as tourists, tourism leaders, and consultants, within the context of eco-tourism and explores how eco-tourism fits into a broader discursive context of ‘development’ in the village. The chapter discusses issues concerning commodification, as well as alternative options for paid employment in the region. It begins to elucidate how villagers working in eco-tourism relate to tourists as outsiders. Throughout the chapter, there is a central focus on how eco-tourism provides a context through which outside resources (both material and immaterial) are acquired and transformations towards otherness and alterity are enabled.

This book is a study of the explicit attempts by the ancient Greek and Roman historians to claim the authority to narrate the deeds encompassed in their works. The term ’authority’ has many meanings over a range of disciplines, but in this book it is used to refer to literary authority, the rhetorical means by which the ancient historian claims the competence to narrate and explain the past, and simultaneously constructs a persona that the audience will find persuasive and believable. The work is thus a study of certain forms and conventions of persuasion employed by the historians. No attempt is made to evaluate the truth or falsity of historians’ claims; rather, I try to set out the various claims which are part of the construction of the author’s historiographical persona; to see how and why these claims are made; to explain how the tradition of such claims developed; and to show how the tradition moulded the way in which writers claimed historiographical authority.

Martha Washington set countless precedents as first lady—including the use of enslaved labor in the Washingtons’ presidential household. One-third of America’s first ladies were born or married into slave–owning families, making it an important but often overlooked part of their identities and actions in the White House and beyond. The relationship between first ladies and race goes far beyond the subject of slavery. Throughout history, these women have used their platform to bring attention to issues affecting Americans, champion causes, and encourage the president to act. As unelected participants in an administration, first ladies have sometimes been able to pursue civil rights with more freedom and flexibility than their spouses, speaking out against lynching, segregation, and other concerns facing the Black community. This chapter will explore the complex role of first ladies in the fight for equal rights using case studies from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

The gospel of Mark quickly introduces both human and superhuman characters who engage each other in consequential words and actions as they move through time and space, with geographical movement from the wilderness to Galilee and through Judea towards Jerusalem, and back towards Galilee again.

This chapter provides an overview of legal drug-induced (neuroleptic and non-neuroleptic) movement disorders. Awareness of medications causing involuntary movements is critical to determine the appropriate treatment strategy. Certain movement disorders that are not typically associated with a central nervous system lesion (e.g., akathisia, tics, etc.) often do not require extensive testing beyond obtaining a thorough history and a neurologic exam, but other abnormal movements (e.g., ataxia, myoclonus, etc.) that are often caused by structural lesions may require neuroimaging for exclusion of an alternate etiology. In this chapter, we include all commonly used legal (marketed) drugs that have been implicated to induce movement disorders; nevertheless, due to the countless case reports, as well as the growing, endless list of such medications, our survey undoubtedly falls short on some compounds. The illegal parkinsonism-inducing drugs (street drugs) are discussed in Chapter 35.

Abstract: This chapter examines 1870s children’s literature materially. It does this by emphasising, first, the children’s book as a material object and, second, the process of producing children’s literature within the material conditions of Victorian publishing. A discussion of the distinctive material attractions of the movable picturebook for children, such as three-dimensional pop-up pictures and manipulable mechanical figures, sets up the chapter’s focus on the value added by considering the material configuration of word and image in other books from the period. This facilitates a reassessment of well-known texts including Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass (1871), Kate Greenaway’s Under the Window (1879), and Christina Rossetti’s Sing-Song (1874). Features such as the distribution of illustrations across pages, the variation of editions’ content, and illustrations changing from manuscript to print restore children’s classics as materially specific objects rather than timeless texts conveyed immaterially from the 1870s to the present

The chapter assesses the extent of integration of sustainable finance into the MiFID II and the IDD investor protection frameworks. The chapter explains why retail investors do not always act upon their investment preferences and the role of the investment product distributor in remedying investors’ value-action gap. The chapter discusses the main changes to the MiFID II and IDD frameworks by analysing the new sustainability-related definitions, the amended product suitability assessment, the amended product governance process, and the amended conflicts of interest procedure. The analysis argues that full cross-sectional consistency will not be achieved in the EU investor protection framework as only the MiFID II and IDD frameworks have been amended while rules covering other product distributors remain the same. It also highlights the problems of inconsistency caused by sustainable finance amendments to existing legislation, including when it comes to applying the definition of sustainability preferences, which refer to concepts of the Taxonomy Regulation and the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation, and the lack of a complete Taxonomy covering social and governance perspectives in the amended MiFID II and IDD obligations.

On 2 March 1960, Thailand’s King Bhumibol and Queen Sirikit travelled to Burma (modern-day Myanmar) for a state visit. Nearly two centuries since Burmese armies had destroyed the Thai capital of Ayutthaya, historic competition between the two polities was now imbued with contemporary significance. Burma was a post-colonial nation, a vanguard neutralist power in the Cold War, and a proponent of socialism domestically. Thailand, conversely, was aligned with the United States and committed to American-informed capitalist development, underpinned by a conservative royalist ideology. This chapter focuses on how a public relations film of the event, prepared strictly for Thai audiences, imposed new meanings onto the diplomatic exchange, casting the young monarch as a world-conquering king in the Thai-Buddhist tradition. Through careful editing, potentially awkward moments of Thai subservience were transformed into acts of royal conquest; crowded streets were used to signal Burmese devotion to a foreign king; and moments of small talk were elevated to moments of victory on the world stage. Overall, the film formed part of an ever-widening Thai campaign, aimed at securing the legitimacy of the royal couple by presenting them as both traditional Buddhist leaders and as modern Asian icons linked to the ‘Free World’.