This chapter discusses the clinical approach to a patient with a movement disorder, based on the phenomenology of that particular disorder. It summarizes the definitions of the most prevalent movement disorders and highlights particular clinical aspects that may help narrow down the differential diagnosis.

A core purpose of South Africa’s Constitution was to modify private orderings growing out of Apartheid’s legacy of racism. Hence, the South African framers, and specifically those representing the African National Congress (ANC), had strong reason to adopt some version of horizontal application. While republican elements occur in some of the ANC’s early thought on private actors’ duties, such discourses featured less when the party had to find consensus with representatives of the Nationalist Party while negotiating the Interim Constitution. A strong formalist streak in the legal culture, concerns about preserving property rights, and the incentives of institutions such as the Supreme Court of Appeal all cut against the practice of horizontal application. Ultimately, the constitutional framers provided for both direct and indirect horizontal application in the Final Constitution. The ANC’s vision was thus fixed in this feature, and subsequent cases further cemented a break from prior orderings. Republican discourses ensued in cases involving horizontal application and perhaps most clearly in issues striking at the heart of the old Apartheid regime, such as housing and education.

Continuous dopaminergic stimulation aims to avoid fluctuations in plasma levels of antiparkinsonian drugs in Parkinson’s disease. There are limited possibilities for translating this concept into practice with standard oral therapies: subcutaneous infusions of apomorphine (and in the near future most probably also of levodopa) and intestinal infusions of levodopa/carbidopa (LD/CD). Both allow the maintenance of stable drug levels in blood and hence a sustained stimulation of dopamine receptors. The magnitude of the effect is more or less similar between techniques, with a reduction in OFF time, an improvement in ON time, and at least for infusions of LD/CD, documented reduction in dyskinesias. The effect is apparently greater with the intestinal and subcutaneous levodopa infusions given that they were compared with oral LD/CD in their pivotal studies whereas apomorphine was compared with placebo. As of yet, subcutaneous apomorphine and intestinal LD/CD infusions are positioned at the same level of efficacy as surgical treatment of PD and are alternatives for the treatment of patients with motor fluctuations not controlled with conventional treatment.

People with Parkinson’s disease (PD) often suffer from various non-motor symptoms, including manifestations of autonomic dysfunction. The latter encompass cardiovascular, urogenital, gastrointestinal manifestations, sexual dysfunction and thermoregulatory disturbances. Autonomic manifestations can be an intrinsic aspect of PD, resulting from degeneration of parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways, or can be secondary to comorbidity or medication intake. As autonomic dysfunction is prevalent and often troublesome, identification and appropriate treatment are relevant steps in the management of people with Parkinson’s disease. Some manifestations of this autonomic dysfunction may precede the onset of PD motor features by many years, and might be considered biomarkers of this disease. A variety of non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments have been investigated for the treatment of autonomic dysfunction in PD, but a limited evidence base is available so far.

This chapter reviews the K-theory functors due to Segal and Elmendorf–Mandell. These are also called infinite loop space machines because they produce connective spectra from permutative categories and multicategories. Each is constructed as a composite of other functors, via certain diagram categories, that we describe.

The chapter explains the importance of stakeholder relations in supporting the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals, focussing on the essence of stakeholder engagement management in financial firms, for in their case, relational capital is of particular importance, given the importance of mutual trust between an entity and its stakeholders. We begin by explaining the concept of interest groups, linked to contract theory and corporate social responsibility. Both the micro context (corporate stakeholder theory) and the macro context (the concept of stakeholder capitalism) are pointed out. Contemporary corporate governance codes emphasise a company’s accountability to a wide range of its stakeholders, which is especially important in the case of financial firms – due to the specific nature of their activities. Therefore, different dimensions of financial institutions’ responsibilities are discussed, stressing those aspects that justify strengthening stakeholder relationship management in those firms. The chapter emphasises the process of managing relationships with stakeholders. The core part is a discussion of the key stages of stakeholder engagement management: from the identification of main interest groups, their analysis and segmentation, prioritisation of stakeholders, and selection of an engagement strategy, to monitoring and evaluation of engagement.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an adult-onset, rapidly progressive, rare, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein (αSYN) in oligodendrocytes associated with multifocal neuronal degeneration. Further synucleionopathies include Parkinson disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Clinically, the disease is characterized by poorly L-dopa-responsive parkinsonism and/or cerebellar ataxia accompanied by autonomic failure. This chapter provides an update of clinical symptomatology, diagnosis and, especially, disease-modifying and symptomatic treatment.

The question of whether ‘specialist’ securities such as use-of-proceeds green bonds should be subject to a greater level of regulation has attracted considerable attention among policymakers and market actors. Much is at stake, especially because the green bond market has seen significant growth over the years. In this chapter we consider the role that EU prospectus disclosure regulation should play in relation to instruments such as green bonds. We examine the rationale for mandatory prospectus regulation and consider the role played by different market initiatives that have hitherto filled the regulatory gap. We are critical of current practices and argue in favour of mandatory ‘green bond’ prospectus requirements.

This chapter analyses the EU Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) by proposing that we should think about the SFDR as a layered system of sustainability-related disclosures, which combine the concepts of “single materiality” and “double materiality”. The authors offer a new perspective on popular proposals to turn the SFDR into a labelling scheme but argue that supervisors should avoid such avenues. The chapter emphasises that it is not the definition of “sustainable investment” which is relevant, but the additional disclosure requirements that apply as soon as a financial market participant deems its financial product to be in line with the definition. The SFDR encourages robust internal assessments over blind reliance on opaque ESG rating agencies and provides financial market participants with the freedom to justify what a contribution to an environmental or social objective means. This freedom sets it apart from a labeling mechanism with a clearly defined threshold of what a contribution should entail. The chapter also analyzes proposed guidelines by ESMA for regulating the names of investment funds that involve sustainable investment, and concludes that those guidelines do not create a clear labelling regime.

Electronic media use by first ladies dates to the 1930s when Lou Hoover delivered her first radio address. The development of radio and television—and later social media—placed a greater emphasis on image and personality, giving first ladies the opportunity to be heard as well as seen, and in some cases offering them more control over their messaging. This chapter looks at several notable examples of how first ladies strategically used—and in some cases misused—electronic media to shape their public image, support their husband’s programs, and advocate for their own causes.

This chapter examines how the acquisition of material and immaterial things from outside visitors to Surama Village is used in local projects of transformation and becoming. The chapter begins with the author’s encounter with a villager in Surama who claimed to have inadvertently started becoming ‘white’ during his work with a BBC film crew. This transformation mostly centred around changes in diet and clothing. The chapter discusses how such transformations among the Makushi occur at a broader level through changing practices and how they are often associated with ‘development’ in the present. It links Makushi interactions with tourists with bodily orientated perspectival changes and shows how transformation is seen in the desires for education, healthcare, and political representation in Surama Village. Transformation is also seen in the gradual adoption of economic individualism, wage labour, and a cash-mediated economy. The chapter focuses on the shamanic aspects (particularly perspectival shape-shifting) of such transformations.

The afterword discusses the author’s return to Surama Village in 2019–2020 and describes recent political and economic changes. The chapter further addresses the consequences following the death of the local shaman (Mogo) and the elevation of one of the early promoters of eco-tourism in Surama to national political prominence. This final chapter addresses the mixed record of ‘development’ in Surama Village and the still changing nature of the eco-tourism economy in the context of Covid-19 and political uncertainties. It also further connects the book’s themes with the Amazonian ethnological literature as part of a broader examination of Makushi practices of drawing in the outside through persons, objects, and organisations. The chapter reiterates the significance of a shamanic relational mode for contemporary Makushi interactions with certain visitors (particularly tourists) in the village and the importance of these relations to the Makushi in forming partnerships with outsiders aimed at addressing contemporary challenges.

Chapter 22 analyzes whether and to what extent sustainability can be integrated into EU fit and proper testing for members of the management body of banks, insurers and investment companies. It concludes that (prospective) members should indeed have sufficient knowledge, skills and expertise in sustainability, both as a collective and individually. The extent to which this knowledge is required depends on the institution and the specific role and responsibilities of the director. However, every director must have basic sustainability knowledge and expertise to adequately perform his or her role. It is argued that EU supervisors, including the ECB, should use the fit and proper test, or at least engage in serious dialogue with financial institutions, to ensure that there is sufficient ESG expertise in the management body. This is well within their mandate since core prudential values such as the solidity of the institution and stability of the financial sector may be at stake. To ensure a level playing field within the EU, it is recommended that EU regulators set out more specific requirements regarding ESG expertise in Level 1 or 2 legislation. This would also provide greater legal certainty for financial institutions and (proposed) members of the management body.