The Roman senatorial elite laid claim to all roles of prominence in society. The very notion of nobilitas made prominence an all-inclusive virtue, in office-holding as much as in other public arenas. Indeed, scrutinizing an inherent tension between annual roles as embodied by the honores and more durable, sometimes life long, roles of prominence, Hans Beck argues that the aristocracy’s integrated claim to leadership wielded significant stabilizing impact upon Roman society. L. Quinctius Flamininus was expelled from the senate in 184 BCE but maintained his other social rules, his public standing, and his overall notability. In the century and a half that followed, Beck detects a gradual erosion of inclusive ideals of prominence. The crisis of the Republic is thus understood as a disintegration of social roles. In the era of the great extraordinary commands, the performance of prestige duties of the collective became less and less important. Augustus’ ostentatious unification of these under his watchful guard as princeps propelled a change in role behaviour that could easily be portrayed as a restitution of the Republican outlook.

Most turbulence theory is derived in a theorized asymptotic state. But real engineering problems almost never reach such a state; in the real world, the route to turbulence leaves its fingerprints on the observed flow. Any coarse-grained simulation must handle this, either by resolving the transition process or modeling some or all of it. Either approach faces significant challenges. If the transition is to be resolved, then a suitable mechanism for turning on and off any turbulence model in the appropriate places is needed. If it is to be modeled, then the model must be capable of handling subfilter fluctuations that may have very different properties than those of fully developed turbulence. All of these approaches have been tried in the literature, and a complete solution is still an active research problem. This chapter reviews the approaches that have been used for coarse-grained simulation of transition.

In Parkinson’s disease, parkinsonism occurs due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Existing treatments can enhance dopaminergic activity in the brain, but cause adverse effects due to the non-targeted, non-physiologic dopamine delivery, so there is interest in developing regenerative therapies to restore dopaminergic tone in the striatum in a targeted, physiologic manner. Experimental approaches include using viral vectors to deliver genes encoding growth factors or enzymes involved in dopamine synthesis, or to target nucleic acids and gene expression. A number of cell types have been considered potential sources of cell-based therapies for PD and have been trialled in humans and animals, but all have been limited by either poor efficacy, poor graft survival, or logistical barriers. However, stem cells offer a renewable source of dopaminergic cells and hold great promise as potential regenerative treatments, and human trials have begun. Although these treatments remain experimental, some are entering clinical trials and there is hope that they will become available for clinical use in the future.

The fifth chapter focuses on manuscript versions of al-Damāmīnī’s texts to trace their spread across the western Indian Ocean and beyond over the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries. It argues that at this point a broad transoceanic community of readers shaped the circulation and reading of al-Damāmīnī’s grammar commentaries by developing new strategies of appropriating and accessing Arabic texts. New paratextual profiles emerged to enable the transregional spread of his scholarship through textual reproductions. Most significantly, the ‘table of contents’ (fihrist) appeared by the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as a new reader-centred device employed in a range of philological texts (as a broad manuscript survey shows) to facilitate the study of Arabic, turn manuscript copies into works of reference, and individualise studying pursuits. Building on previous scholarship, the manuscript materials corroborate the emergence of new textual practices and show how the communities of the transregional formation across the western Indian Ocean became part of these transformations in the field of Arabic learned encounters.

Numerical investigations of convective flow and heat transfer in two different engineering applications, namely cross-corrugated channels for heat exchangers and rib-roughened channels for gas turbine blade cooling, using wall-modeled large eddy simulations (LES), are presented in this chapter. Mesh resolution requirements for LES, subgrid model dependence, and heat transfer and friction factor characteristics are investigated and compared with previously published experimental data. The LES computations form a coherent suite of monotonically behaving predictions, with all aspects of the results converging toward the predictions obtained on the finest grids. Various subgrid and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) models are compared to account for their reliability and efficiency in the prediction of hydraulic and thermal performances in the presence of complicated flow physics. Results indicate that subgrid models such as wall-adapting local eddy viscosity model (WALE) and localized dynamic kinetic energy model (LDKM) provide the most accurate results, within 201b of Nusselt number and Darcy’s friction factor, compared to selected RANS models, which presents up to 3501b deviation from experimental data. The conclusion is that both LES and RANS have their strengths and weaknesses, and the choice between them depends on the specific application requirements and available computational resources.

Following a brief historical overview of the birth of the organised movement, Chapter 1 introduces literary figures and texts promoted by antivivisection periodicals such as the Zoophilist, the Home Chronicler, and the Animals Guardian. Adopting a literary-critical approach offers a fresh perspective on the movement’s association pamphlets and periodicals which have, thus far, largely been examined as historical documents. Poems, stories, and ‘humane words’ from notable writers were sourced and deployed to shape a common antivivisectionist identity, articulate the movement’s ideology, and mobilise activists. Analysis of antivivisection poems by Christina Rossetti, Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson, and Robert Buchanan is complemented by attention to the framing and reception of these works in antivivisection publications and the wider press.

This chapter looks at the assumption that there is a relationship in world politics between international organization and peaceful change. That premise is the working hypothesis behind many of the chapters in this book, and it provides the justification for the scholarly search for empirical patterns between IOs and change. When international relations is assumed to be comprised of a mechanical ontology (causal mechanisms that lead from initial conditions to predictable effects), then it makes sense to employ a scientific methodology indebted to Isaac Newton. But the shifty concepts of world politics, such as conflict, peace, change, and stability, are not well-suited to machine-like regularity. Concepts such as change are subjective or ambiguous and hence make for poor variables. The chapter examines the gap between methodology and ontology that emerges in the effort to find causal mechanisms that link the practice of international organization to the outcomes of peaceful change.

Postwar functionalism focused the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in advancing peaceful change on scientific and technical cooperation. By the 1970s, the influx of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as member states called for greater attention to health development needs and the ways postwar liberal internationalism was a structural determinant of ill-health. Contested perspectives about WHO’s mandate and core functions ensued. Major donor countries, concerned about the organization’s politicization, reasserted their influence by shifting the organization’s budget to donor-controlled voluntary contributions. Despite ongoing efforts to reform the WHO, new global health initiatives proliferated, weakening the organization’s standing as the directing and coordinating authority on international health work. The COVID-19 pandemic laid bare WHO’s limited authority and resources but also the critical importance of both scientific and political leadership in responding to shared global health threats. This has renewed debates about WHO’s role in advancing peaceful change amid a now complex and crowded global health governance landscape. While some argue for the organization to return to its scientific and technical focus, promoting interdependence and trust among member states requires meaningful political processes.

An opening chapter that addresses literary issues in the first book of the Bible, along with a review of some major works of influence scholarship that have shaped the field.

Conclusion: a reckoning. Liberty used to be defined as absence of dependence. Nowadays it is usually defined as absence of restraint. But the underlying aim of this book has been to establish that there are several reasons for thinking that the ideal of liberty as independence is to be preferred. We gain from it a better sense of how the mere fact of living in subjection -- whether or not we are restrained -- takes away our liberty. We also gain from it a more helpful way of thinking about fundamental rights. Rather than conceiving of them as universal moral claims, there may be good reasons for preferring to think of them as the creation of specific independent communities. Above all, the ideal of liberty as independence helps us to see the importance of cherishing the value of autonomy in relationships between states as well as individual citizens. It is difficult to see how the requirements of justice can be met in the absence of a commitment to the ideal of liberty as independence.

When the Israelite leadership ask for a king like all the other nations, it introduces a new sequence of powerful characters into the storyline.

This chapter develops the first collection of results around change of enrichment along a (possibly nonsymmetric) multifunctor. As in Chapter 6, it is shown that this theory extends the classical theory for enrichment over (possibly symmetric) monoidal categories. Compositionality and 2-functoriality for the change-of-enrichment constructions are treated in Sections 7.4 and 7.5, respectively.

Chapter 9 illustrates the immediate counterblast to which Price’s critics were subjected by a number of writers who continued to insist that liberty is a matter of possessing an independent will, not merely of not unrestrained from acting as you choose. Some leading Anglicans took up this position in their support of Price, including Richard Watson and Peter Peckard. But it was Price himself who answered his critics most fully. He admitted (although not explicitly) that he had given too broad a definition of slavery, but forcefully denied that he had confused the state of being at liberty with that of possessing security for your liberty. He countered that, unless you are free from the possibility of being restrained, you are not in possession of your liberty, because you remain in a condition of subjection and servitude. The chapter concludes by noting that this way of thinking about liberty gained much additional support after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789. Burke denounced the revolution, but he was in turn denounced by Catharine Macaulay, Mary Wollstonecraft and Thomas Paine, all of whom saw in the revolution a successful uprising against arbitrary and despotic power in the name of liberty as independence.

The 1870s were a watershed decade for British feminism. Major changes were afoot that had a profound impact on women’s legal, educational, and social status. The first bill aiming to give women the vote may have failed in Parliament in 1870, but it was the start of a decade that saw enormous progress in women’s position in society at large, from the establishment of the first women’s colleges in Oxbridge to opportunities for employment in the civil service. Feminist campaigners including Annie Besant, Josephine Butler, Frances Power Cobbe, and Millicent Garrett Fawcett advocated for women’s increasing economic, educational, and bodily autonomy in public speaking and journalism. Writers including George Eliot, Dinah Craik, and Augusta Webster wrote novels and poetry to intervene in parliamentary debates ranging from the right of married women to own property to the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Act. Combining data on women writers with close reading, this chapter explores the powerful role that women’s writing played in imagining and advocating for women’s rights in the 1870s