Modes and purposes of the memorial practices of aristocratic families were formative to Roman readings of the past. The memoria of the gentes was imprinted deeply on the Republic’s history culture, but was subject to the challenges from other formats of remembering the past, historiography in particular. The pompa and laudatio funebris both heralded and magnified a family’s esteem through the display of imagines and the recollection of narratives of exemplary virtue. While these achievements were uncontested among the gens itself, in the public arena they might have been a bone of contention. The memoria of the gentes distorted that of the Republic as a whole, influencing the work of the first historians, the compilation of lists of magistrates and office-holders, and the outlook of public space. Historiography also distanced and indeed distinguished itself from the memoria of the elites. Discourses of decadence widened the gap between the two media. Meanwhile citizens outside Rome were more removed from the mechanisms of aristocratic remembering and could only access a history of Rome in written format. Elite memories ceased to wield their magnetic force, but they also lingered on in historiography.

The care for sustainability is one of the most urgent problems addressed by policy makers. It requires combined effort by multiple players for its efficiency. There are various levels at which different tools of multiple character are being introduced. Eventually, they turn into policies and actions by private businesses and public agencies. These different instruments can be of legislative and regulatory nature introduced on various levels: the UN conventions, communications, policies and protocols, the EU legislation, the Member States, regional and local authorities. As a result, they take a shape of instruments of various types. The range of non-regulatory tools that supplement the regulatory instruments is wide and often takes the form of financial measures. They can be divided into four groups – incentives, tradable instruments, fines and contractual compensations. All these instruments differ in terms of their character, reach and efficiency. Not necessarily being perfect, still, they contribute to the overall re-shift of approach and help transforming the current anxiety for the nature to tangible actions that protect it. The text addresses questions that are not limited to analyses of the efficiency of existing financial tools but also refer to what else could be done to enhance them and make them even more efficient.

This chapter highlights connections of the book’s topics to structures used in all areas of mathematics. Cantor famously proved that no set can be mapped onto its power set. We present some analogous results for metric spaces and posets. On the category of topological spaces, we consider endofunctors built from the Vietoris endofunctor using products, coproducts, composition, and constant functors restricted for Hausdorff spaces. Every such functor has an initial algebra and a terminal coalgebra. Similar results hold for the Hausdorff functor on (complete) metric spaces. Extending a result of Freyd, we exhibit structures on the unit interval [0, 1] making it a terminal coalgebra of an endofunctor on bipointed metric spaces. The positive irrationals and other subsets of the real line are described as terminal coalgebras or corecursive algebras for some set functors, calling on results from the theory of continued fractions.

This chapter, structured in three sections, discusses an aspect of significant importance in relation to sustainable finance under EU secondary law: the gradual shift from capital markets to banking regulation. Section 21.1 sets the scene, by briefly overviewing the initiatives of (mainly) the (European) Commission in relation to sustainable finance – which are mainly related to EU capital markets regulation, albeit with an impact on credit institutions as well – and the rules adopted by the European Parliament and Council during the period 2019–2021. The focus of the following section 21.2 is on the legislative proposals submitted by the Commission in 2021 to amend the CRD IV and the CRR in relation to sustainability and contribution to the green transition. After a general overview of this legislative ‘banking package’ and some introductory remarks on the proposed amendments (including the harmonised definitions of the ESG-related risks by amendment of the CRR), this section presents the key proposed new rules (by amendment of the CRD IV) which relate to governance issues, ESG risks, the supervisory review and evaluation process (SREP) and the enhanced competent authorities’ powers, as well as the (further) amendments proposed to the CRR. Section 21.3 contains the concluding remarks.

Movement disorders arise from dysfunctional physiology within the motor and movement systems of the nervous system, and can involve multiple anatomic locations. A myriad of electrophysiologic manifestations can be detected in electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG), and other methods. Technical factors must be carefully considered and technical quality should be monitored throughout. Surface EMG provides the basis for the electrophysiologic examination of movement disorders. EEG is important for establishing cortical genesis as well as consciousness state determination during the movement disorder. Tremors of different etiologies may have different frequencies and activation characteristics that are best discovered on analysis of surface EMG characteristics. Also, classification of myoclonus physiology needs electrophysiologic testing. Proper myoclonus classification forms the best approach to symptomatic treatment strategy. Results from this testing provide important supplemental information, which can be used for a more exact diagnosis that leads to treatment.

This paper summarizes the United States’ legal framework governing Internet “platforms” that publish third-party content. It highlights three key features of U.S. law: the constitutional protections for free speech and press, the statutory immunity provided by 47 U.S.C. § 230 (“Section 230”), and the limits on state regulation of the Internet. It also discusses US efforts to impose mandatory transparency obligations on Internet “platforms.”

The Introduction sets out the main analytical framework to probe a transregional formation of Arabic learning. Building on a rich historiography of the Indian Ocean world and its various regions it formulates an approach to studying mobile manuscripts with a view to exploring the shared social and cultural histories of learned communities. It discusses ‘mobilities’ as the potential of manuscripts to move around and ‘histories of circulation’ as actualised or ‘enacted’ movement among scribes, readers, and owners of manuscripts. In particular, it engages with the concepts of ‘enactment’ to study social and cultural mobilities of manuscripts and ‘entanglement’ to plot these mobilities on a transoceanic field of Arabic learning. Arabic philology takes centre stage in this study and represents a diverse and many-sided field of Arabic learning. Manuscript collections which form the empirical basis of the research are delineated and discussed.

In this chapter, a central tenet of Construction Grammar is explored: the idea that linguistic knowledge on all levels (e.g., lexicon, morphosyntax, pragmatics) is related in a network fashion, with the building blocks of language (i.e., constructions) forming different types of connections (i.e., links). In general, we discuss the ingredients of constructional networks with our main focus on construction-external links (vertical and horizontal). Another aim of the chapter is to embed constructional networks into a larger domain-general theory of networks but also to demarcate constructional modeling from other network models in linguistics, like Connectionism or models of sociolinguistic propagation. We also glance at how diachronic network change is currently being conceptualized and end by a discussion of open issues.

Chapter 10 As the French Revolution became increasingly violent, there was an growing backlash in Britain against the celebration of liberty as independence. One response, popular among a number of conservative churchman, took the form of reviving the claim that all subjects have a duty of non-resistance and passive obedience. But a different although no less hostile response came from a number of self-styled ‘liberal’ legal and political writers who saw themselves as equally opposed to conservatives and revolutionaries. This group has been little studied, but the aim of this chapter is to show that they were of central importance in discrediting the ideal of liberty as independence. They accepted the Hobbesian view that most of our natural rights must be given up in the name of peace, and that the rights remaining to us as subjects of states must basically take the form of the silence of the law. Although the ideal of liberty as independence continued to be celebrated by early British socialists, the liberal writers paved the way for the explicitly Hobbesian commitments of the early utilitarians, who finally succeeded in turning the claim that liberty cannot mean anything other than exemption from restraint into a new orthodoxy.

Over the last four decades, Construction Grammar has developed into a rich, robust conceptual framework for analyzing language in its entirety, based on the crucial assumption that language by its nature is a complex and ever-adapting and adaptable system designed for communication. The starting point was Charles J. Fillmore’s vision for an approach that would allow us to analyze grammatical organization of (any) language in such a way that we could answer the broad question of what it means to know one’s language and to use its grammatical resources with native-like fluency by individual speakers within a given language community. Put differently, this framing aims for generalizations that will naturally include systematic observations about meaning and conditions of language use as integral parts of grammatical descriptions.

Clinical evaluation of motor dysfunction is crucial to make a correct diagnosis. The gold standard is clinical evaluation by a movement disorder specialist, relying on subjective measures and patient report. Regular clinical assessments are needed to provide long-term measures that monitor motor progression over time and therapy response, not only in clinical settings but also during daily activities at home. Wearable sensors have been developed to assess objective and quantifiable measures of motor dysfunction. Such sensors are small, light, cheap and portable, containing built-in accelerometers and gyroscopes and data storage. These new technologies are revolutionizing the field of movement disorders to improve clinical diagnosis and evaluation, treatment monitoring at home, and progression of symptoms over time. They are also of interest for adaptive therapy options, e.g. closed-loop deep brain stimulation, and are successful in quantifying and measuring tremor, showing promise in assessing bradykinesia, dyskinesia, gait impairments and prediction of therapy response. Despite device development, there is no validated clinical application yet; further research is needed.

This chapter summarizes the functional–anatomic organization of the connectivity of the basal ganglia with the thalamocortical systems and the brainstem. This connectional organization substantiates the neural basis for the wide array of functions in which the basal ganglia are involved, ranging from pure sensorimotor to cognitive–executive and emotional–motivational behaviors. Across this broad array of motor and behavioral functions, the mechanism by which the basal ganglia contribute to these functions is through “response selection.” This mechanism fits well with the arrangement of the intrinsic connections between the individual basal ganglia nuclei, supporting the selection of appropriate responses in a particular context and, at the same time, the suppression of inadequate responses. A variety of symptoms as part of neurologic movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and dystonia, or neuropsychiatric diseases like obsessive-compulsive disorder, mood disorders, and drug addiction, might be interpreted as an inadequate selection of motor, cognitive, or affective responses to internal or external stimuli.

This brief conclusion surveys the history presented in the preceding chapters and demonstrates how that history supports the conceptual framework presented in Chapter 1 and the primary themes of Leaving the Fight. These themes include the evolution of state, military, and individual surrender from the Middle Ages to the present and the origins and development of the treatment of prisoners of war and detainees. This last can be seen as growing out of medieval honorable surrender, becoming formal cartels between combatants, and then becoming international conventions, from the second half of the nineteenth century into the twenty-first. The conclusion also argues that detention operations instituted during the Iraq Surge serve as a source of lessons to be learned in future conflicts.

In a new essay, Harriet I. Flower gives her personal overview of key themes in the German scholarship translated in this volume. German and anglophone scholarship have pursued different paths for reasons including differences in how the boundaries of disciplines are constituted, but also because of the strong influence in Germany of work by Christian Meier which remains untranslated. Three lenses are suggested which can help us categorize this volume’s contributions to the study of Roman political culture: procedures and rules, ritual and spectacle, and the context in the city of Rome.