Despite being unelected and unappointed, first ladies of the United States have served as notable political assets and liabilities before, during, and after their time in the White House. This chapter uses a variety of examples to illustrate the positive and negative impacts of first ladies as they have exerted their influence domestically and internationally, sometimes in alignment with and other times in opposition to their husband’s public agenda. These pages delineate the ways these women have been strategically deployed as emissaries for their husbands and as advocates for party policies, initiatives, and candidates up and down the ballot, as well as how they have instigated and mitigated scandals. The amorphous and often contradictory criteria for being an effective first lady expose every presidential spouse to criticism that is not always reasonable given the nebulous nature of the position.

"Ataxia" refers to both the neurologic syndrome of motor coordination and to a large and diverse group of diseases that have motor coordination impairment as their main clinical feature. The brain structure most consistently affected is the cerebellum. Although many different brain diseases may manifest with ataxia, the vast majority of slowly progressive ataxias are genetic diseases. Indeed, genetic molecular analysis has become the cornerstone of both diagnosis and classification of this complex group of conditions. In this overview, the basics of the clinical features and the classification of these diseases, as well as common conditions, and recently defined novel forms of ataxia are discussed.

The filtering approach is a simple deterministic way to formalize analytically coarse-grained representations of a given turbulent flow. By their own nature, turbulence and coarse graining (CG) are multiscaled, and in this chapter, we discuss the specific question of the relations between turbulence, coarse graining, and filtering in a unified operational form, with particular interest to multiscale properties and aspects. Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) averaging, explicit convolutional large eddy simulation (LES) filtering formulations (Leonard, 1975), implicit LES and scale resolving simulations (SRS) approaches (Grinstein et al., 2010; Grinstein, 2016; Pereira et al., 2021), functional and structural LES modeling procedures (Sagaut, 2006) and hybrid RANS/LES methods (Fr¨ohlich and von Terzi, 2008), are revisited and discussed from the point of view of a multiscale operational filtering approach (OFA) (Germano, 1992) based on the multiscale properties of the generalized central moments (GCM). Some recent results are presented both as regards analysis, modeling, and post-processing of turbulent flows, and finally, some conclusions and some personal recalls are provided.

Given an endofunctor F we can form various derived endofunctors whose initial algebras and terminal coalgebras are related to those of F. The most prominent example are coproducts of F with constant functors, yielding free F-algebras, cofree F-coalgebras, and free completely iterative F-algebras. An initial algebra exists for a composite functor FG if and only if it does for GF. We also present Freyd’s Iterated Square Theorem and its converse: A functor F on category with finite coproducts has an initial algebra precisely when FF does. The chapter also studies functors on slice categories and product categories, coproducts of functors, double-algebras, and coproducts of monads.

The fourth chapter is a micro-study that explores in depth the life story of one scholar on the move from Egypt to the Deccan. Through the fifteenth-century transoceanic pursuits of the Egyptian scholar Muhammad al-Damāmīnī, it argues that migrating scholars employed their textual productions to become professionally mobile, link patronage networks, and communicate with changing audiences. Al-Damāmīnī’s grammar commentaries provide a textual trail that documents how he negotiated his move from Cairo, via Mecca, Zabid (Yemen), Cambay and Nahrwala (Gujarat) to Gulbarga (Deccan), and how he interacted with sultans, scholars, and readers along the way. He employed different narrative strategies to engage with changing learned audiences. Such learned encounters were crucial for processes of transmission, but also highlight cases of knowledge formation which catered to a new readership.

This study enquires about the role of conduct risk with respect to the currently evolving ESG-related regulation wave. It questions the relevance of conduct risk as an additional determinant of banks’ effective intermediation in the ESG value chain, in addition to normatively set non-financial reporting, governance and due diligence duties. The suitability of a conduct risk-based approach to the identification and management of ESG risks is grounded in the conceptualization of ESG regulations as (sustainable) conduct of business rules centred on the management of ESG risk. This systemic reading of ESG-related rules explains and at the same time supports the main assumption underlying this study, namely that, while setting norms of conduct for the management of sustainability risks, the emerging framework engenders new risks of unsustainable conduct. The analysis finally argues that the flexible and cultural-sensitive nature of conduct risk makes it an effective tool for the forecast, correction and even prevention of potentially harmful misconducts directly stemming from either the missed or wrongful enactment of ESG policies. Ultimately, it is argued that the employment of conduct risk in the field of ESG is useful to re-conceptualize the bank’s internal risk management of inappropriate behaviour, also from a prudential perspective.

This chapter reviews the use of enriched diagrams and enriched Mackey functors in equivariant homotopy theory and the theory of stable model categories. The results outlined here are not used directly in the main body of the work, but they provide an important motivating context. The goal of this chapter is, therefore, to outline some of the main ideas and provide numerous references to the literature for further treatment.

The chief interest of the antiquarian in Rome’s ruins was topographical, identifying them if possible with structures known and described in Latin literature. Attempts to picture the layout of the ancient city generated numerous maps and disquisitions, which gradually morphed into guidebooks for tourists, many of which focussed on only the ancient remains to the exclusion of the modern city. The development of tourism is one of the capital outcomes of the fascination with the ruins of Rome. There does not seem to have been any other city or site in the world that was visited for the sake of its ruins. Topographical studies were, however, hampered by their reliance on more (or in one case, less) ancient texts in which buildings and their locations were mentioned, not always reliably. It became clear in due course that the only way forward lay in archaeological excavation.

Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgHiFUS) can be used to create lesions in the depth of the brain without opening the skull, which opens up new treatment options. For patients who are not eligible for deep brain stimulation (DBS) for various reasons (for example, too much atrophy, vessels in the area of the trajectory, or advanced age) this can be a useful addition to the therapeutic armamentarium. To date, more than 3,500 patients have been treated with this method, with a focus on patients with essential tremor (ET) and tremor-dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD).

This chapter discusses the role of Imelda Marcos in the diplomatic practice and foreign policy of the government of Ferdinand Marcos. At the outset, Imelda is cast not only as a First Lady but as a vital colleague and co-operator in running the affairs of the Philippine state from the 1960s through the 1980s, the other half of the so-called conjugal dictatorship. At one point in time, she was simultaneously governor of Metro Manila, Minister of Human Settlements, member of the Interim Parliament, and Ambassador Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary. This being said, her status as First Lady and Patroness of the Arts is not dismissed as mere tangent or appendage; it was as First Lady that Imelda became a compelling presence in the political theatre. The combination of her beauty and her charisma formed a particular aesthetic that inevitably evolved into a policy of culture and democracy so central in the formation of a post-independence nation-state in Southeast Asia.