This chapter traces the extant historical literature on the growth and development of party politics in colonial Nigeria. These parties were led by formidable personalities who played an essential role in the formation of national consciousness crucial for the formation of an independent Nigeria. While historians have classified it into four phases, the chapter proposes that the growth of political parties should be analyzed into two generational periods: the 1920s and 1930s, and the 1940s and 1950s. The former period is marked by the promulgation of the Clifford Constitution that led to the creation of the first-ever nationalist parties, such as the Nigerian National Democratic Party and The Lagos Youth Movement which, though claiming nationalist status, was, however, confined to the Lagos area. The latter commenced after the enactment of the Richards Constitution which witnessed the growth of regional political parties such as the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, the Northern People’s Congress, and the Action Group all of which espoused ethnic nationalism. By engaging with historical works produced on nationalist movements in colonial Nigeria, the chapter places their value beyond the simplistic teleological development of politics of nationalism in Nigeria.

This chapter considers H.D.’s translation of Euripides’s Ion (1937). H.D.’s Ion crystallizes her approach to Greek, redefining the practice of translation in the process; allows her to propose an alternative theory of psychic development contra Freud; and, finally, in its specific (mis)reading of the Euripidean play, foreshadows Pound’s treatment of Sophocles in Women of Trachis by making a strong case for the poetic and cultural relevance of Greek tragedy in the twentieth century. Pushing beyond accounts of the play available to her in the 1930s, H.D.’s interpretation of Euripides’ poetic strategies aligns with more recent scholarly accounts of his plays. Deploying differently the elements of commentary and translation in her multigeneric work, H.D. dramatizes both her own desire to believe in a triumphant narrative that would bind ancient and modern culture and would make poetry the cure or compensation for trauma, and the contingency or constructedness of such a position. The analysis of Ion is bookended by examinations of “Murex” (1926), and Trilogy (1944–46) that show the germination and evolution of the questions, ideas, and techniques that went into the translation of the play.

In comparison with Matthew and Luke, Mark’s gospel has less supplementary matter beyond what is in the triple tradition, and its order of pericopes is virtually always paralleled in one or the other. It is rich in Semitisms and in features of translation from Hebrew or Aramaic to Greek. It is our best clue to the contents of Hebrew Ur-Matthew. Around a fifth of Mark’s material is unique and looks like reminiscences that Peter could have dashed into oral presentations about Jesus.

This chapter will guide a candidate in the foot and ankle questions and topics that regularly appear in Section 1 of the FRCS(Tr&Orth) exam. The chapter deals with trauma and elective foot and ankle questions. Up to date information, higher order SBA questions and detailed explanations along with an evidence based approach to the most appropriate answer.

In Chapter 3, we described how MNEs competing in today’s global competitive environment are required to build layers of competitive advantage: i.e. the ability to capture global-scale efficiencies, local market responsiveness, and worldwide learning capability. As many of these companies found ways to match one another in the more familiar attributes of global-scale efficiency and local responsiveness, they had to find new ways to gain competitive advantage. In this process, competitive battles among leading-edge MNEs (particularly those in knowledge-intensive industries, such as telecommunications, biotechnology, and pharmaceuticals) have shifted their ability to link and leverage their worldwide resources and capabilities to develop and diffuse innovation.

Our realist commitment to both Christology and biology entails that the God–Human, Jesus Christ, came into an evolutionary world. Christology and biology further entail that Jesus, who was fully human, had to have a fully human genome as understood by contemporary genetics – which is a logically necessary condition for the truth of the Chalcedonian assertion of his humanity. In this chapter, we build our discussion around issues raised by this entailment in relation to the initial event of Jesus’s coming, his Virgin Birth. In Chapters 3 and 4, we laid the groundwork for our discussion by presenting orthodox Christology and mainline biology on their own independent terms, but on this rich topic of the Virgin Birth, we put them together for the first time.

Although it is widely believed that Japanese people are typical collectivists compared to individualistic Westerners, this view is not supported by empirical research. Employing “Japanese collectivism” as a case example, this book explores how the dichotomous view of cultures was established and investigates how cultural stereotypes exacerbate emotional conflicts between human groups. Drawing on empirical findings, it theoretically analyses the properties of cultural stereotype to reveal the hazards associated with stereotyping nations or ethnicities. Students and researchers from numerous disciplines, including psychology, anthropology, sociology, political science, and economics, will gain fresh insights from this reconceptualization of culture.

This chapter continues the discussion on Nigeria during the interwar years (1918–1939). It shifts focus away from the reasoning behind colonial actions and paying more attention to their consequences for Nigeria. The interwar years in Nigeria were characterized by the onset of a decade-long economic depression caused by the global Great Depression and the increasing marginalization of local economic activity by private and colonial forces. This marginalization was promoted to increase the profitability of Nigeria’s growing extractive economy at the expense of native economic actors. This, along with the growing development of a new, educated, native elite, would see the growth of “official” indigenous organizations. The bulk of this chapter focuses on the development of these organizations such as the West African Students Union (WASU) or the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), and details the growth of resistance movements fostered by the said establishments. They would demand greater representation in the colonial government, construct economic support groups, and attempt to end disparages in higher education. The chapter also explores alternative responses to colonialism, including the growth of organized crime and widespread regional migration. Finally, the chapter explores the different sociopolitical dynamics in Northern Nigeria.

The East India Dock Company followed and by 1810, there were also three on the south bank. Investment came predominantly from the capital’s wealthy mercantile and shipping communities, with slave trade interests strongly represented in both the West India and London companies. Wartime conditions failed to affect investment or impede the capital’s remarkable dock boom. The design for the downriver West and East India systems presented few problems, unlike the constricted setting of the London Docks. Labour shortages, bad weather and material scarcity affected construction by generally experienced contractors, but all docks were operating by 1806. The final costs exceeded estimates but only in the case of the London Docks by a large margin. Clearing housing and industries in Wapping burdened it with long-term debt. All the north bank companies chose a hierarchical employment structure. In contrast to strict supervision in the West India Docks, London replicated the traditional system on the quays, allowing its managers considerable autonomy. In their new regulated workplace, labourers faced restrictions, discipline and the loss of traditional perks.

This chapter explores the shifting dynamics between local authorities/peoples in the Niger area and the British government from 1914 to 1939. It builds upon the topics of colonial consolidation explored in Chapter 7, explaining on a macro level why the British government sought to impose these changes and exploring the impacts these changes had (social and economic). World War I and the interwar era significantly strained the British Empire, which necessitated a greater reliance upon its colonies. For Nigeria specifically, colonial officials sought to increase Nigeria’s profitability by promoting a streamlined, export-centered economy and a direct taxation system. Both of these changes required a more centralized, consolidated Nigeria, prioritizing large British firms and institutions at the expense of other foreign and local mercantile networks. Paradoxically, World War I diverted attention and critical administrative officials away from Nigeria, hampering the colony’s management and the implementation of these policies. Consequently, the colonial government relied on local draconian authorities where exploitation and improper native representation were commonplace. In response to these exploitative policies, this chapter will explain the growth of native-oriented political parties such as the NNDP

We start by introducing C*-algebras associated with locally compact groups. Next, the theory of Hilbert modules, C*-correspondences, crossed-product algebras, and Morita equivalence are discussed. This is followed with applications to Mackey’s theory of induction of representations and Howe’s theory of theta correspondence. Next, K-theory and (equivariant) KK-theory are introduced. Connections between isolated points in the unitary dual and generators of the K-theory of C*-algebras of liminal groups are discussed.