This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the correlation between magnesium consumption and periodontitis in different body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) groups. 8385 adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 2009–2014 were included. The correlation between dietary magnesium intake and periodontitis was first tested for statistical significance by descriptive statistics and weighted binary logistic regression. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests were performed to investigate whether the association was stable in different BMI and WC groups. There was a statistical difference in magnesium intake between periodontitis and non-periodontitis populations. In model 3, participants with the highest magnesium consumption had an odds ratio of 0.72 (0.57-0.92) for periodontitis compared to those with the lowest magnesium consumption. However, in subgroup analysis, the relationship between magnesium intake and periodontitis remained significant only in the non-general obese (BMI ≤ 30 kg/m2) and non-abdominal obese populations (WC ≤ 102 cm in men and ≤ 88 cm in women). Dietary magnesium intake might decrease the periodontitis prevalence in the American population, and this beneficial periodontal health role of magnesium consumption might only be evident in non-general obese and non-abdominal obese populations.

Evidence of an association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is emerging but is still inconclusive. The current cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the relationship between the two syndromes in a sample of Lebanese adults (n 221; mean age: 43·36 years; 62·9 % females), recruited from a large urban university and its neighbouring community. MetS was diagnosed based on the International Diabetes Federation criteria, and IBS was assessed using the Birmingham IBS scale. Logistic regression analyses were performed taking MetS and its components as dependent variables and IBS and its subscales as independent variables. Covariates included socio-demographic, dietary and lifestyle variables. MetS was positively associated with visual analogue scale (VAS) IBS (total scale (Beta = 4·59, P = 0·029) and VAS–diarrhoea subscale (Beta = 4·96, P = 0·008). Elevated blood pressure (Beta = 5·02, P = 0·007), elevated fasting blood sugar (Beta = 4·19, P = 0·033) and elevated waist circumference (Beta = 5·38, P = 0·010) were positively associated with VAS–Diarrhoea subscale. MetS and IBS were found to be positively associated in a sample of the Lebanese adult population. We suggest that it might be of value to screen for either condition if one of the syndromes exists. Future longitudinal studies are essential to establish a causal relationship between the two syndromes to further understand the commonality related to pathogenesis and explore potential underlying mechanisms.

Dietary guidelines often combine plant and animal protein intake recommendations, yet evidence suggests they may have distinct associations with health. This study aimed to examine relationships between animal and plant protein intake, using different classification approaches, and diet quality and obesity. Plant and animal protein contents of foods reported by 7637 participants (≥ 19 years) during the 2011–2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were estimated using Australian food composition databases. Usual animal, plant and total protein intakes were estimated using Multiple Source Methods. Diet quality was assessed using the 2013-Dietary Guidelines Index (DGI), and obesity measures included BMI and waist circumference (WC). Multiple linear and logistic regressions were performed and adjusted for potential confounders. Plant and animal protein intakes were positively associated with DGI scores (plant protein: men, β = 0·74 (95 % CI: 0·64, 0·85); women, β = 0·78 (0·67, 0·89); animal protein: men, β = 0·15 (0·12, 0·18); women, β = 0·26 (0·22, 0·29)). These associations were consistent when examining high-quality plant protein (high-protein-containing plant-based foods with comparable nutritional values to animal proteins) and non-dairy animal protein intakes. Plant protein intake was inversely associated with BMI and WC in men but not women. Animal protein intake was positively associated with BMI in both sexes and WC in men only. Men’s plant protein intake was inversely associated with obesity (OR = 0·97 (0·96, 0·99)) and central obesity (OR = 0·97 (0·95, 0·98)). Further studies are needed to examine the influence of different animal protein sources by accounting for energy intake and sex-specific associations.

This review aimed to assess the impact of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) consumption on CVD risk factors. Relevant studies were identified through electronic searches of databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL and EMBASE, up to January 2025. Twelve trials involving 770 participants with interventions ranging from 2 to 12 weeks and doses varying from 125 to 40 000 mg/d were included. Okra supplementation significantly reduced BMI (standardised mean difference (SMD) = −0·70; 95 % CI −1·23, −0·16; P = 0·011), fat mass (SMD = −0·74; 95 % CI −1·13, −0·36; P < 0·001), hip circumference (SMD = −0·85; 95 % CI −1·41, −0·28; P = 0·003), weight (SMD = −0·77; 95 % CI −1·42, −0·11; P = 0·022), fasting insulin (SMD = −0·35; 95 % CI −0·63, −0·07; P = 0·013), fasting plasma glucose (SMD = −1·07; 95 % CI −1·75, −0·38; P = 0·002), HbA1c (SMD = −0·38; 95 % CI −0·71, −0·05; P = 0·023), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (SMD = −0·56; 95 % CI −0·84, −0·29; P < 0·001), LDL-cholesterol (SMD = −0·32; 95 % CI −0·52, −0·11; P = 0·003), total cholesterol (SMD = −0·45; 95 % CI −0·74, −0·16; P = 0·003) and aspartate aminotransferase (SMD = −0·45; 95 % CI −0·73, −0·17; P = 0·002). Okra supplementation demonstrated significant benefits in improving anthropometric measures, glycaemic control, lipid profiles and liver function tests, suggesting its potential as an adjunct therapy for improving CVD risk factors.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a widespread and complex health disorder. Dietary habits and consumption of simple sugars have been shown to play an important role in the prevention and treatment of MetS. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a population of 3380 adults from the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS) employees’ health cohort. The healthy beverage index (HBI) and healthy beverage score (HBS) were calculated. Risk for MetS and its components, including blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, waist circumference, triglyceride levels, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, were measured using standardised protocols. Results showed a significant inverse association between higher adherence to HBI (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.48–0.74, P < 0.001) and HBS (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65–0.97, P = 0.030) with lower risk of MetS. Also, we observed a significant association between higher level of HBI and HBS with decreased risk of hypertension, as a critical component of MetS. These findings support the notion that healthier beverage consumption, as indicated by higher HBI and HBS levels, may play a critical role in reducing the risk of MetS.

A hospital-based cross-sectional study involving children aged 2–15 years attending the obesity clinic of a tertiary care hospital from January 2016 to March 2018 was carried out to study carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in children with overweight and obesity. Secondary objective was to compare children with elevated (EcIMT) and normal cIMT (NcIMT). Out of 223 patients enrolled for the study, 102 (45·7 %) had EcIMT. Mean cIMT of the study participants was 0·41 (sd 0·13) mm. Median alanine transaminase levels (27 v. 24, P= 0·006) and proportion of patients with fatty liver (63·7 % v. 48·8 %, P= 0·025) and ≥ 3 risk factors (80·4 % v. 66·1 %, P= 0·003) were higher in the EcIMT group compared with NcIMT group. Proportion of patients with hypercholesterolemia (36·4 % v. 16 %, P= 0·024), elevated LDL-cholesterol (38·6 % v. 16 %, P= 0·013), low HDL-cholesterol (40·9 % v. 20 %, P= 0·027) and dyslipidemia (84·1 % v. 58 %, P= 0·006) was higher in the pubertal EcIMT group and those with fatty liver (63·8 % v. 45·1 %, P= 0·034) was higher in the prepubertal EcIMT group compared with pubertal and prepubertal NcIMT groups, respectively. No significant correlations were observed between cIMT and various cardiometabolic parameters. Our finding of EcIMT in nearly half of the study participants including young children is very concerning as these children are at increased risk of atherosclerotic CVD in adulthood. Interventions starting at a young age are important when trajectories are likely to be more malleable and adverse cardiometabolic phenotypes and subclinical atherosclerosis are reversible.

The aim of this randomised controlled trial was to investigate the effects of breakfast high or low in protein on body composition and cardiometabolic markers in young women with overweight. In total, fifty-six women aged 18–30 years consumed a breakfast containing either high protein (34 g protein, n 26) or low protein (6 g protein, n 30) for 12 weeks. Measurements of body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, waist circumference, glucose tolerance, fasting glucose, insulin and lipid profile were performed before and after this period. The primary outcome was fat mass. Satiety and hunger were evaluated by self-reported Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores. Dietary intake was estimated by 4-d dietary records, and calcium intake was estimated by FFQ. At baseline, relative daily protein intake was 15·2 ± 2·8 E%, which increased to 19·3 ± 3·4 E% in high protein but was unchanged in low protein (P < 0·001 between groups). High protein reported higher satiety compared with low protein (P = 0·02). Yet, no group differences were observed in changes in energy intake, body composition, blood lipid profile or measures of glucose tolerance (all P > 0·10). However, bone mineral content tended to increase in high protein (P = 0·05) and decrease in low protein (P = 0·07, interaction effect: P = 0·01). Conclusively, a high v. low content of protein in breakfast increased satiety but did not affect body composition or cardiometabolic markers in young women with overweight. This study adds to the sparse evidence on the effects of breakfast with different macronutrient compositions on health parameters in women with overweight. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04518605.

Chrono-nutrition is an emerging field that examines how the frequency and timing of meals impact health. Previous research shows inconsistency in the relationship between chrono-nutritional components and cardiometabolic health. We investigated cross-sectional associations between these components and cardiometabolic health in 825 Iranian adults aged 20–59 years. Dietary data, including the number of eating occasions, meal timing and meal irregularity of energy intake, were collected using three 24-h dietary recalls. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and laboratory tests (fasting plasma glucose, lipid profile, insulin, uric acid and C-reactive protein) were conducted. Insulin resistance and sensitivity (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, homeostatic model assessment for insulin sensitivity), the TAG-glucose, the lipid accommodation product and BMI were calculated. The demographic and morning-evening questionnaire was completed. General linear regression was used to assess associations between chrono-nutritional components and outcomes. Interactions with age and BMI were examined in all associations. Chrono-nutrition components were not significantly related to cardiometabolic risk factors in the total population. However, a lower number of eating occasions was associated with an increased LDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio (β (95 % CI): 0·26 (0·06, 0·48)) among overweight and obese participants. Additionally, less irregularity in breakfast energy intake was associated with a lower total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio (–0·37 (–0·95, –0·18)) and a lower LDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio (–0·32 (–0·79, –0·13)) among participants with a normal BMI (all P< 0·05). The study concluded that more frequent meals and regular energy intake might enhance cardiometabolic health cross-sectionally, highlighting the need for prospective studies to further investigate these associations and the mediating role of BMI.

The present systematic review and meta-analysis sought to evaluate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients at risk of CVD. Relevant studies were obtained by searching the PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases (from inception to January 2023). Weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% CI were pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were reported using standard methods. A pooled analysis of 14 randomised controlled trials (RCT) with 17 effect sizes revealed that CLA supplementation led to significant reductions in body weight (WMD: −0·72 kg, 95% CI: −1·11, −0·33, P < 0·001), BMI (WMD: −0·22 kg/m2, 95% CI: −0·44, −0·00, P = 0·037) and body fat percentage (BFP) (WMD: −1·32 %, 95% CI: −2·24, −0·40, P = 0·005). However, there was no effect on lipid profile and blood pressure in comparison with the control group. In conclusion, CLA supplementation may yield a small but significant beneficial effect on anthropometric indices in patients at risk of CVD. Moreover, CLA seems not to have adverse effects on lipid profiles and blood pressure in patients at risk of CVD. It should be noted that the favourable effects of CLA supplementation on anthropometric variables were small and may not reach clinical importance.

Beverages consumption influences diet quality in general and has been associated with the development of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCCD). We aimed to verify the association between beverage consumption patterns and the prevalence of NCCD. A cross-sectional household and population-based study was conducted with 489 individuals aged 20 years and older. The presence of NCCD (arterial hypertension, diabetes, cancer and hypercholesterolemia) was obtained by self-report, while obesity was diagnosed by measuring body weight, height and waist circumference. Beverage consumption patterns were obtained by principal component analysis. The association between beverages patterns and the prevalence of NCCD was verified using Poisson regression, expressed as prevalence ratio (PR) and adjusted for potential confounding factors. Three beverage patterns were identified: ‘ultra-processed beverages’, ‘alcoholic beverages’ and ‘healthy beverages’. Individuals with greater adherence to the Ultra-processed Beverages Pattern had a 2·77 times higher prevalence of cancer (PR: 3·77; 95 % CI 1·57, 9·07). Higher adherence to the Alcoholic Beverages Pattern was associated with a higher prevalence of obesity (PR: 1·97; 95 % CI 1·13, 3·44). In contrast, individuals in the second tertile of adherence to the Healthy Beverages Pattern had a 39 % lower prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (PR: 0·61; 95 % CI 0·40, 0·92), and individuals in the third tertile had a 10 % lower prevalence of abdominal obesity estimated by the waist-to-height ratio (PR: 0·90; 95 % CI 0·83, 0·97). Beverage consumption patterns may be associated with a higher prevalence of NCCD, regardless of other risk factors. It is therefore important to conduct more studies investigating the impact of beverages patterns on health.

Interventions aiming to reduce social inequalities of weight status in adolescents usually focus on lifestyle behaviours, but their effectiveness is limited. This study analysed the effect of achieving levels of dietary intake (DI) and/or physical activity (PA) guidelines on reducing social inequalities in weight status among adolescents. We included adolescents from the PRomotion de l’ALIMentation et de l’Activité Physique – INÉgalité de Santé (PRALIMAP-INÈS) trial with weight status data available at baseline and 1-year follow-up (n 1130). PA and DI were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and a validated FFQ, respectively. We estimated the likelihood of a 1-year reduction in BMI z-score (BMIz) and population risk difference (PRD) under hypothetical DI and PA levels and socio-economic status using the parametric G-formula. When advantaged and less advantaged adolescents maintained their baseline DI and PA, we found social inequalities in weight status, with a PRD of a 1-year reduction in BMIz of −1·6 % (–3·0 %, −0·5 %). These inequalities were not observed when less advantaged adolescents increased their proportion of achieving DI guidelines by 30 % (PRD = 2·2 % (–0·5 %, 5·0 %)) unlike the same increase in PA (PRD = −3·9 % (–6·8 %, −1·3 %)). Finally, social inequalities of weight status were not observed when levels of achievement of both PA and DI guidelines increased by 30 % (PRD = 2·2 % (–0·5 %, 4·0 %)). Enhancing DI rather than PA could be effective in reducing social inequalities in weight status among adolescents. Future interventions aiming to reduce these inequalities should mostly target DI to be effective.

Soft drink consumption has become a highly controversial public health issue. Given the pattern of consumption in China, sugar-sweetened beverage is the main type of soft drink consumed. Due to containing high levels of fructose, a soft drink may have a deleterious effect on handgrip strength (HGS) due to oxidative stress, inflammation and insulin resistance. However, few studies show an association between soft drink consumption and HGS in adults. We aimed to investigate the association between soft drink consumption and longitudinal changes in HGS among a Chinese adult population. A longitudinal population-based cohort study (5-year follow-up, median: 3·66 years) was conducted in Tianjin, China. A total of 11 125 participants (56·7 % men) were enrolled. HGS was measured using a handheld digital dynamometer. Soft drink consumption (mainly sugar-containing carbonated beverages) was measured at baseline using a validated FFQ. ANCOVA was used to evaluate the association between soft drink consumption and annual change in HGS or weight-adjusted HGS. After adjusting for multiple confounding factors, the least square means (95 % CI) of annual change in HGS across soft drink consumption frequencies were −0·70 (–2·49, 1·09) for rarely drinks, −0·82 (–2·62, 0·97) for < 1 cup/week and −0·86 (–2·66, 0·93) for ≥ 1 cup/week (Pfor trend < 0·05). Likewise, a similar association was observed between soft drink consumption and annual change in weight-adjusted HGS. The results indicate that higher soft drink consumption was associated with faster HGS decline in Chinese adults.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is a prevalent hepatic condition worldwide, is expected to develop into the leading reason for end-stage fatty liver in the forthcoming decades. Incorporating rapeseed oil into a balanced diet may be beneficial in improving NAFLD. The goal of this trial was to evaluate the impact of substituting ghee with rapeseed oil on primary outcomes such as fatty liver and liver enzymes, as well as on secondary outcomes including glycaemic variables, lipid profile and anthropometric measurements in individuals with NAFLD. Over 12 weeks, 110 patients (seventy men and forty women; BMI (mean) 28·2 (sd 1·6 kg/m2); mean age 42 (sd 9·6) years), who daily consumed ghee, were assigned to the intervention or control group through random allocation. The intervention group was advised to substitute ghee with rapeseed oil in the same amount. The control group continued the consumption of ghee and was instructed to adhere to a healthy diet. Results showed a significant reduction in the steatosis in the intervention group in comparison with the control group (P < 0·001). However, a significant change in the levels of alanine aminotransferase (–14·4 μg/l), γ-glutamyl transferase (–1·8 μg/l), TAG (–39·7 mg/dl), total cholesterol (–17·2 mg/dl), LDL (–7·5 mg/dl), fasting blood glucose (–7·5 mg/dl), insulin (–3·05 mU/l), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (–0·9), Quantitative Insulin-Sensitivity Check Index (+0·01), weight (–4·3 kg), BMI (–0·04 kg/m2), waist (–5·6 cm) and waist:height ratio (–0·04) was seen in the intervention group. The consumption of rapeseed oil instead of ghee caused improvements in liver steatosis and enzymes, glycaemic variables and anthropometric measurements among individuals with NAFLD.

Nutritional education is pivotal in the medical nutritional therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The extended parallel process model (EPPM) is a health education method for inducing desirable health behaviours. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of nutritional education based on the EPPM in T2DM patients on knowledge, attitude, practice, anthropometric indices, glycaemic factors, lipid profile and adherence to the diabetic diet. A randomised, double-blind, controlled, factorial field trial was designed for T2DM patients aged 30–59 years (n 88). Participants were randomly allocated into four groups to receive EPPM-based nutritional education through gain framed message (GFM), loss framed message (LFM), their combination (G\LFM) or usual diabetic education in the control group (CG). Participants were assessed before and after the study duration. After 3 months of intervention, eighty participants finished the study. The EPPM-based intervention increased participants’ knowledge, behavioural intention, perceived sensitivity, severity, self-efficacy (P < 0·001 for all) and response efficacy (P = 0·029) in comparison with CG. GFM (P = 0·004) and G\FLM (P = 0·034) reduced carbohydrate intake and LFM (P = 0·034) and G\LFM (P = 0·047) decreased fat intake. Between-group analysis indicated interventions reduced weight (P = 0·046), BMI (P = 0·038), fasting blood sugar (P = 0·030), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (P = 0·027) and TAG (P = 0·002) in comparison with the CG. Results were NS for protein intake, waist and hip circumference, waist:hip ratio, HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL. Nutritional education based on EPPM could increase the knowledge and awareness of T2DM patients. Also, it could be beneficial for blood glucose amendment. Further investigations are recommended.

Obesity is an important characteristic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and body roundness index (BRI) is one of the anthropometric indicators associated with obesity. However, studies on the relationship between BRI and MetS risk are limited. We aimed to explore the relationship between baseline BRI and MetS in the USA population. Our study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2018, ultimately enrolling and analysing 47 303 participants. Data-driven tertiles were used to categorise BRI levels, and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to investigate the association of BRI with MetS in adults. In addition, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the ability of BRI to predict MetS. The distribution of BRI was different across ethnic groups with a gradual decrease in the proportion of non-Hispanic Whites and other races. In addition, BRI was significantly associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Univariate regression analysis indicated BRI to be a moderate risk factor for MetS, and multivariate logistic regression analysis found that BRI remained an independent risk factor for MetS. After adjusting for confounding variables, a non-linear relationship was found between BRI levels and the prevalence of MetS. More importantly, BRI predicted MetS with the largest AUC among anthropometric measures. In summary, elevated baseline BRI levels are independently associated with the development of MetS, and baseline BRI may assist in identifying patients at risk for MetS, leading to early and optimal treatment to improve their outcomes.

Evidence of the relationship between fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) levels, dietary quality and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rural populations is limited. Here, we aimed to investigate the association between fecal SCFA levels and T2DM and the combined effects of dietar quality on T2DM in rural China. In total, 100 adults were included in the case–control study. Dietary quality was assessed by the Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010), and SCFA levels were analysed using the GC-MS system. Generalised linear regression was conducted to calculate the OR and 95 % CI to evaluate the effect of SCFA level and dietary quality on the risk of T2DM. Finally, an interaction was used to study the combined effect of SCFA levels and AHEI-2010 scores on T2DM. T2DM participants had lower levels of acetic and butyric acid. Generalised linear regression analysis revealed that the OR (95 % CI) of the highest acetic and butyric acid levels were 0·099 (0·022, 0·441) and 0·210 (0·057, 0·774), respectively, compared with the subjects with the lowest tertile of level. We also observed a significantly lower risk of T2DM with acetic acid levels > 1330·106 μg/g or butyric acid levels > 585·031 μg/g. Moreover, the risks of higher acetic and butyric acid levels of T2DM were 0·007 (95 % CI: 0·001, 0·148), 0·005 (95 % CI: 0·001, 0·120) compared with participants with lower AHEI-2010 scores (all P < 0·05). Acetate and butyrate levels may be important modifiable beneficial factors affecting T2DM in rural China. Improving dietary quality for body metabolism balance should be encouraged to promote good health.

Research indicates that green tea extract (GTE) supplementation is beneficial for a range of conditions, including several forms of cancer, CVD and liver diseases; nevertheless, the existing evidence addressing its effects on body composition, oxidative stress and obesity-related hormones is inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of GTE supplementation on body composition (body mass (BM), body fat percentage (BFP), fat mass (FM), BMI, waist circumference (WC)), obesity-related hormones (leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) markers. We searched proper databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Web of Science, up to July 2022 to recognise published randomised controlled trials (RCT) that investigated the effects of GTE supplementation on the markers mentioned above. A random effects model was used to carry out a meta-analysis. The heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using the I2 index. Among the initial 11 286 studies identified from an electronic database search, fifty-nine studies involving 3802 participants were eligible to be included in this meta-analysis. Pooled effect sizes indicated that BM, BFP, BMI and MDA significantly reduced following GTE supplementation. In addition, GTE supplementation increased adiponectin and TAC, with no effects on FM, leptin and ghrelin. Certainty of evidence across outcomes ranged from low to high. Our results suggest that GTE supplementation can attenuate oxidative stress, BM, BMI and BFP, which are thought to negatively affect human health. Moreover, GTE as a nutraceutical dietary supplement can increase TAC and adiponectin.

This article aims to study the different dietary fat types associated with obesity and coronary indices. A sample of 491 healthy adults was included in a cross-sectional manner. Dietary fats intake, obesity indices (conicity index (CI), body adiposity index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), body roundness index (BRI), and weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI)), and cardiovascular indices (cardiometabolic index (CMI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP)) were calculated and studied. Participants with an acceptable intake of omega-3 had a higher BRI score (1⋅90 ± 0⋅06 v. 1⋅70 ± 0⋅06). Participants with an unacceptable intake of cholesterol had a higher CI (1⋅31 ± 0⋅11 v. 1⋅28 ± 0⋅12; P = 0⋅011), AVI (20⋅24 ± 5⋅8 v. 18⋅33 ± 6⋅0; P < 0⋅001), BRI (2⋅00 ± 1⋅01 v. 1⋅70 ± 1⋅00; P = 0⋅003), WWI (11⋅00 ± 0⋅91 v. 10⋅80 ± 0⋅97; P = 0⋅032), and lower AIP (0⋅46 ± 0⋅33 v. 0⋅53 ± 0⋅33; P = 0⋅024). Total fat, saturated fat (SFA), and polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) intake had a significant moderate correlation with AVI and BRI. The monounsaturated fat (MUFA) intake had a significantly weak correlation with CI, AVI, BRI, WWI, and AIP. Cholesterol and omega-6 had weak correlations with all indices. Similar correlations were seen among male and female participants. The different types of fat intake significantly affected obesity and coronary indices, especially SFA and PUFA, as well as omega-3 and cholesterol. Gender and the dietary type of fat intake have a relationship to influence the indicators of both obesity and coronary indices.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between leptin and adiponectin gene polymorphisms, circulating levels of leptin and adiponectin, adiposity and clinical markers in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). This cross-sectional study was conducted with 102 adults and elderly MDS patients and 102 age- and sex-matched controls. Clinical characteristics, co-morbidities, anthropometric data, laboratory evaluation and genetic analysis (polymorphisms −2548G > A/rs7799039 of the LEP gene and +276G > T/rs1501299 of the ADIPOQ gene) were investigated. Serum leptin was higher and adiponectin lower in MDS when compared with controls. There was a significant positive correlation between serum leptin levels and BMI (r = 0·264, P = 0·025), waist circumference (r = 0·235, P = 0·047), body fat percentage (BF %) (r = 0·373, P = 0·001) and the fat mass index (FMI) (r = 0·371, P < 0·001). A lower mean adiponectin was found among patients with high BF %, higher visceral adiposity index and metabolic syndrome. A significant association was found between the AA genotype (mutant) of the LEP polymorphism rs7799039 and male sex and blast excess (≥ 5 %). In addition, a significant association was observed between the TT genotype (mutant) of the ADIPOQ rs1501299 polymorphism and Fe overload. These results demonstrate the importance of a comprehensive and systematic evaluation in patients with MDS in order to identify and control negative factors not related to the disease at an early stage.