An applicator is described that uses the principle of the cone seeder to obtain uniform distribution of granules along the length of the plot and conventional, commercially manufactured, granular spreaders for distribution across the width of the treated area. If plot size is held constant, no calibration or adjustment is necessary when rates of application are varied or when different formulations of granules are used.

The effects of chloride salts of potassium, sodium, ammonium, and lithium and abscisic acid (ABA) on the translocation of 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Var. Stringless Green-pod) seedlings were determined. 14C-labeled 2,4,5-T was injected in the stem tissue at the cotyledonary node in a 1-μl volume along with ABA. The salts were added to the nutrient solution at 20 mM concentrations at the time of 2,4,5-T treatment. Sodium chloride inhibited 2,4,5-T accumulation in the upper portion of the plant; and except for LiCl, the salts tended to increase accumulation in the nutrient solution. LiCl increased 2,4,5-T accumulation in the young shoots and primary leaves and decreased accumulation in the roots and nutrient solution. The effects of ABA on 2,4,5-T translocation were similar to the effects of NaCl but were more pronounced. ABA caused large decreases in 2,4,5-T translocation to the young shoots and primary leaves and increased accumulation in the nutrient solution.

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ‘Kentucky 31′) drilled into a pasture infested with broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus L.) and fertilized with N, P, and K, eliminated broomsedge after 4 years. In a second experiment, fertilization with N, P, and K increased the density of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and broomsedge was gradually reduced over a 5-year period. Fertilization with P and K caused the density of legumes and grass to increase and broomsedge was nearly eliminated after 5 years. In both experiments the old growth of broomsedge was mowed each winter and cattle were then able to graze the new growth of broomsedge. Grazing may have aided in the elimination of broomsedge.

The time course of diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide) metabolism in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Sheyenne’) was altered by fumigation with 30 pphm (parts per hundred million) of O3. After 2 days 70% of the absorbed diphenamid was metabolized in controls compared with 83% in fumigated plants. Concentrations of N-methyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (MMDA) were equivalent in both fumigated and control plants. Less glucoside conjugate (MDAG) was present in fumigated plants 2 to 4 days after treatment than in the control plants. Gentiobioside conjugate (MDAGB) increased rapidly in fumigated plants after 0.5 day but not in control plants until after 2 days. Loss of diphenamid from aerated solution was demonstrated. A scheme for diphenamid metabolism is proposed.

Four experiments were conducted to develop controls for downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Gaines’). In three experiments downy brome was removed at monthly intervals from emergence to harvest. In the third and fourth experiments, hand weeded and weedy controls were compared to chemical control with R11913 (3′-hydroxypropionanilide isopropylcarbamate). Downy brome, which emerged with wheat, was most competitive during March of each year. For maximum effectiveness, R11913 should be applied when downy brome has less than one to three tillers or chemical control will be erratic. On a silt loam soil with an average annual precipitation of 42 cm, downy brome densities of 108 to 160 plants/m2 lowered wheat yields 6% when competition was eliminated by March. When competition was permitted until wheat harvest (July), yield was reduced 40%.

Fixation of 14CO2 in corn (Zea mays L. ‘VPI 646’ or ‘VPI648′) and transpiration in corn and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Mere. ‘Lee’] following treatment with atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-isopropylamine-s-triazine] were reduced by the addition of phytobland petroleum oils to the treatment solutions. Inhibition of 14CO2 fixation increased with increasing rates of oil and (or) atrazine and decreased with time following treatment. Oil type (naphthenic versus paraffinic) and viscosity (70, 100, 150, and 200 sec) did not significantly affect 14CO2 fixation or transpiration; however, when applied alone or in combination with atrazine, the 100-sec viscosity oils tended to be the most inhibitory.

Selected paraffinic and naphthenic phytobland oils used as adjuvants markedly enhanced the foliar uptake and acropetal translocation of ring-labeled atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine] by corn (Zea mays L. ‘VPI 646′), when compared with atrazine-14 C applied with nonionic polysorbate surfactant or in aqueous 25% methanol alone. Generally, 14C uptake increased with increasing concentration (1.25 to 20.0%) of a 100-sec viscosity paraffinic oil and with time (up to 32 hr) after application. No consistent additional promotion of atrazine-14 C uptake was derived from the use of emulsifier concentrations above 2.0% in the oil of a 10% oil-in-water emulsion. With a few exceptions, paraffinic and naphthenic oils of comparable viscosities were about equally effective as penetrant aids for atrazine. For both the paraffinic and naphthenic series, the 100-sec viscosity oils appeared to be slightly better penetrant aids than comparable 70, 150, and 200-sec oils.

Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] at a concentration of 10−8M stimulated the elongation of the embryonic axis of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Charlevoix’). This stimulation of elongation was accompanied by a light-independent increase in protein synthesis as measured by radioactive amino acid incorporation.

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) plants were treated in the greenhouse and field with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. Fresh weight of leaves, sprouts per original tuber, and sprouts per new tuber were reduced by 4 kg/ha glyphosate in the greenhouse. In the field, glyphosate at 2 and 4 kg/ha was compared to several herbicides for nutsedge control in repeated applications over an 8-month period. After several applications, glyphosate reduced the number of plants per unit area. After rotovation (working the soil thoroughly to a depth of 15 cm) and reapplication, glyphosate and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) plots had fewer plants and tubers per unit area than controls.

Isolated plant cells from leaf tissue of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Harosoy’] and wild onion (Allium canadense L.) were used to study the effects of four surfactants on cell permeability as measured by loss of intracellular material and on photosynthetic 14CO2 fixation. Surfactant-induced alteration in cell permeability could not be related to surfactant-ionogenic class but could be related to reported phytotoxicity. Surfactants that altered cell permeability also inhibited photosynthetic 14CO2 fixation, indicating that surfactant effects were not restricted to the outer-cell membrane. Isolated cells from the monocotyledonous wild onion were more susceptible to surfactant-induced alterations in cell permeability than were cells from the dicotyledonous soybean. Efflux of intracellular material was modified by Ca++ and Mg++ to a greater extent for soybean than for wild onion. Integrity of the isolated cells, before and after surfactant treatment, was verified by microscopic observation.

The absorption, translocation, and metabolism of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H) one] by soybean (Glycine max Merr. ‘Lee 68′) and hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata L.) grown in nutrient solution and in soil treated with 14C-metribuzin were investigated. Absorption studies indicated there were no significant differences in the amount of 14 C-metribuzin absorbed from treated nutrient solution by soybean (tolerant) and hemp sesbania (susceptible). When these species were grown in 14C-metribuzin treated soil, hemp sesbania absorbed appreciably more herbicide than did soybean. 14 C-metribuzin and (or) its 14C-metabolites were translocated from the roots to the shoots of both species. Radioactivity was rapidly translocated and accumulated in all the leaves of hemp sesbania, but it tended to accumulate to the greatest extent in the roots and lower leaves of soybean. Translocation differences between the two species were apparent in plants grown either in soil or nutrient solution treated with 14C-metribuzin. However, differences were greatest in plants grown in treated soil. Preliminary metabolic studies indicated that a higher rate of metribuzin degradation occurred in soybean than in hemp sesbania. The major 14 C-metabolite appeared to be the relatively nonphytotoxic deaminated diketo derivative [6-tert-butyl-1,2,4,-triazine-3-5(2H,4H)dione]. Thus, differences in the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of metribuzin all appeared to contribute to the differential susceptibility of soybean and hemp sesbania to metribuzin.

Foliar spray retention, absorption and translocation, and the dissipation of 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid] and 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] were examined to determine their importance as selectivity factors in the response of two 2,4-DB-tolerant legumes, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and two susceptible broadleaf weeds, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr.). The legumes were as effective as the broadleaf weeds in metabolizing (beta-oxidizing) 2,4-DB to 2,4-D. The relatively greater tolerance of the legumes than of the broadleaf weeds to 2,4-DB arose from a combination of poorer spray retention, less effective absorption and translocation, and a more rapid degradation of the 2,4-D arising from the beta-oxidation of 2,4-DB.

More force was required to induce leaf slippage in coleoptiles from corn (Zea mays L. ‘Tenn 5009′) plants grown in the presence of 25 ppmw alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] than in the controls, or in coleoptiles from plants grown in the presence of 25 ppmw alachlor in combination with 150 ppmw 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (hereafter referred to as NA). NA alone reduced the force required to induce leaf slippage below that of all treatments. Incubation for 16 hr in 10 ppmw IAA (indoleacetic acid) did not lower the force required to induce leaf slippage in coleoptiles from plants grown in the presence of 25 ppmw alachlor even though the length of the coleptiles increased 30% more than coleoptiles not receiving the IAA treatment. Percent dry matter, dry matter per 100 plants, and percent protein increased in coleoptiles from alachlor treated plants, while percent cellulose and lignin decreased. The extent of variation in these parameters was lessened when NA was applied in combination with alachlor, with the exception of percent lignin which was further decreased by the combination treatment. Percent hemicellulose was not affected by alachlor, NA, or their combination.

Translocation of alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was primarily apoplastic with greater uptake and translocation in wheat (susceptible) than in soybean (resistant). Root-applied 14C-alachlor translocated throughout both plants. Root uptake was greater for wheat than for soybean and older leaves accumulated more than did younger actively growing tissue in both species. Foliar applications to the primary leaves of soybean and wheat resulted in some apoplastic translocation within the treated leaf of wheat but only slight translocation in soybean. Absorption of 14C-alachlor reached equilibrium at 4 hr by excised wheat root tissue, while absorption continued after 32 hr in excised coleoptile and leaf tissue. Absorption of alachlor by leaf and coleoptile tissue was greater in light than in the dark.

Leaf samples from Utah State University herbarium specimens of Astragalus were analyzed qualitatively for organic nitrites. Of 324 species and varieties examined, 69 (21%) were positive for nitrites. Excluding varieties, 251 species were examined, of which 56 (22%) contained nitrites. Organic nitrites were found to be stable in dried specimens for decades. Both recently collected and 80- to 90-year-old specimens of the same species or variety tested positive for organic nitrites. Astragalus species known to cause the loco syndrome in livestock did not contain nitrites. Only one seleniferous species, A. toanus Jones, synthesized moderate amounts of organic nitrites.

The 6-hydroxy derivative of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) is not on the main pathway of the soil microbial decomposition sequence for picloram. Rather it may be formed in very small amounts in a competing reaction. Decarboxylation of picloram cannot be the initial reaction in this sequence and, in fact, does not occur.

Tubers of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) were soaked in distilled water, 9.3 × 10−6M 6-benzylamino-9 (tetrahydropyran-2yl)-9 H-purine (SD8339), or 1.39 × 10−7M kinetin and sprouted in darkness. Excised plants from tubers sprouted in sand culture were grown in half-strength Hoagland solution in 50-ml erlenmeyer flasks enclosed with aluminum foil. The leaves and upper part of the stem of each plant were exposed to an illumination of 32 klux. Rhizomes as well as untreated and treated tubers were exposed to red (R), red followed by far-red (R-FR), or red followed by far-red and red (R-FR-R) monochromatic light. R, R-FR, and R-FR-R illuminations of rhizomes from untreated tubers and plants produced basal bulbs while dark controls did not. Pfr did not revert to Pr. Dark controls produced significantly fewer basal bulbs than did rhizomes of untreated tubers and plants exposed to R, R-FR, or R-FR-R illuminations. There was no significant difference between R, R-FR, and R-FR-R illuminations. Tubers treated with SD8339 or kinetin produced basal bulbs in darkness but untreated tubers did not. Rhizomes of tubers treated with SD8339 or kinetin and exposed to R illumination produced basal bulbs. There was a significant difference in the number of bulbs produced by SD8339 or kinetin treatments and R illumination in contrast with the water controls in darkness. The effect of R illumination was similar to that of SD8339 or kinetin.

Arsenic as MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) was applied to three soil types over a 6-year period. Percentage recovery of applied arsenic averaged 67, 57, and 39% in Hart-sells fine sandy loam, Decatur silt loam, and Dothan loamy sand soils, respectively. Essentially all of the arsenic recovered in the soils occurred in the plow layer with no evidence of leaching into deeper zones. Batch-equilibrium and soil-column studies in the laboratory indicated that the rate of MSMA movement through the surface horizon would be fastest in Dothan loamy sand and slowest in Decatur silt loam.

Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) were sprayed at 0.28 kg/ha on honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell] and huisache [Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.] seedlings 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after emergence from seed under greenhouse conditions. Picloram or 2,4,5-T killed 73% or more of the honey mesquite up to 8 weeks after emergence, but the percent killed declined thereafter. Picloram killed more than 90% of the huisache seedlings when applied from 1 to 8 weeks after emergence. Less than 60% of the honey mesquite or huisache seedlings were killed with dicamba at any treatment date. Clipping the plants at the soil level resulted in high mortality (96 to 100%) of both species 1 to 2 weeks after emergence. Treating regrowth of clipped 1-year-old honey mesquite and huisache with 0.28 kg/ha of picloram, dicamba, or 2,4,5-T produced results similar to those obtained from plants grown from seed.

Application of the ethylene-releasing agent ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) as a lanolin paste to stems of honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockrell] caused the development of abnormal periderm, cortical, and xylem tissues in a localized portion of the stem within 1 cm of the treatment site. Ethephon inhibited secondary wall deposition in xylem parenchyma cells, whereas normal vessel element differentiation was unaffected. Similar changes in xylem formation occur in ethephon-treated huisache [Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.]. Ethephon and 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] applied separately to honey mesquite and huisache stems have similar inhibitory effects on parenchyma cell differentiation but differ markedly in their effects on vessel element formation.