Let K be an algebraic number field. If q is a prime ideal of the ring of integers of K and α is a number of K prime to q then Mq(α) denotes the multiplicative group generated by α modulo q. In the paper [5] there is the remark: ‘We do not know whether for all a, b, c ∈ ℚ with abc ≠ 0, |a| ≠ 1,|b| ≠ 1,|c| ≠ 1 there exist infinitely many primes q with Mq (a) = Mq (b) = Mq (c).’

A positive integer is square-full if each prime factor occurs to the second power or higher. Each square-full number can be written uniquely as a square times the cube of a square-free number. The perfect squares make up more than three-quarters of the sequence {si} of square-full numbers, so that a pair of consecutive square-full numbers is a pair of consecutive squares at least half the time, with

Let N/K be a tame, abelian extension of number fields, whose Galois group is denoted by Γ. The basic object of study in this paper is the ring of integers of N, endowed with the trace form TN/K; the pair is then a Hermitian module (where we abbreviate ), and it restricts to a -Hermitian module (The reader is referred to Section 2 for the basics on Hermitian modules.) Ideally one would like to determine completely the class of this Hermitian module in K0H(ℤΓ), the Grothendieck group of ℤΓ-Hermitian modules modulo orthogonal sums; however, in general when Γ is even, one knows that even the ℚΓ-Hermitian module given by restricting (N, TN/K) is difficult to classify. (See for instance [S] and [F2].) To circumvent this difficulty we proceed in the following fashion, as suggested by the recent work of P. Lawrence (see [L]): let D = D(Γ) denote the anti-diagonal of Γ in Γ × Γ, that is to say

and let N(2) = (N⊗KN)D so that N(2) is a Galois algebra over K with Galois group Γ × Γ/D(Γ) ≅ Γ. Write for the trace form of N(2)/K, and define the -order it is then easy to see that is isomorphic as an -module to (see (3·1·6)). To be precise we ought really to write etc.; however, the base field will always be clear from the context.

Several results are obtained relating to the modular representation theory of the general linear group GLn in the defining characteristic p > 0. In Section 1, embeddings of certain simple modules in symmetric powers of the natural module, or in tensor products of truncated symmetric powers, are constructed. In Section 2, cases are found where simple quotientsof Schur modules H0(λ) can be constructed by extending theidea of truncation to these modules in a natural way. In Section 3, the characters of those simple modules which can be constructed as twisted tensor products of truncated symmetric powers are expressed in terms of Schur functions.

Let P be a fixed set of primes, the category of all groups and group-homomorphisms, and the full subcategory of nilpotent groups. In [9], an idempotent functor called P-localization, was defined so as to extend the ℤ-module-theoretic localization of abelian groups. There are two well-known extensions of e to , namely, Bousfield's P-localization [2], [4], denoted by EZP, and Ribenboim's P-localization [13], usually denoted by ( )P. Ribenboim's P-localization is the maximal extension among localizations extending e to in that it maximizes the number of groups in its image [7]. The localized groups obtained after applying Ribenboim's P-localization are precisely the P-local groups, that is, the groups having unique nth-root for every n whichis co-prime to P, [13]. Being maximal is equivalent to this class of P-localized groups being the saturated class of groups generated by e–equivalences, that is, group homomorphisms between nilpotent groups which become isomorphisms after applying e.

The origin of this paper lies in a study of the unfolding space of the stratum N16 of singularity theory, and the question, at which points of the stratum the versal deformation space ceases to be topologically trivial over the stratum. This question turns out to be closely related to the study of how a plane section (= binary quintic) of a quintic curve varies as we deform the curve, either rigidly (under GL3) or equisingularly.

A state ρ on a JW-algebra or von Neumann algebra M is said to be a Jauch–Piron state if whenever e and f are projections in M with ρ(e) = ρ(f) = 0 then ρ(e ∨ f) = 0.

We show that if E is an analytic subset of ℝn then

for almost all m–dimensional subspaces V of ℝn, where projvE is the orthogonal projection of E onto V and dimp denotes packing dimension. The same inequality holds for lower and upper box counting dimensions, and these inequalities are the best possible ones.

An ideal I in a C*-algebra A is called primal if whenever n ≥ 2 and J1,…, Jn are ideals in A with zero product then Jk ⊆ I for at least one k. The topologized space of minimal primal ideals of A, Min-Primal (A), has been extensively studied by Archbold[3]. Very much in the spirit of Fell's work [14] it was shown in [3, theorem 5·3] (see also [5, theorem 3·4]) that if A is quasi-standard, then A is *-isomorphic to a maximal full algebra of cross-sections of Min-Primal (A). Moreover, if A is separable the fibre algebras are primitive throughout a dense subset. On the other hand, the complete regularization of the primitive ideal space of A gives rise to the space of so-called Glimm ideals of A, Glimm (A). It turned out that A is quasi-standard exactly when Min-Primal (A) and Glimm (A) coincide as sets and topologically [5, theorem 3·3].

There is an open-book decomposition of the 3-sphere which has open discs as pages and an unknotted circle as the binding. We can think of the 3-sphere as ℝ3 ∪ {∞} and of the circle as the z–axis ∪ {∞}. The pages are then half-planes Hθ at angle θ when the x–y plane has polar coordinates. In their investigation of the braid index of satellite links, Birman and Menasco [B–M] embed the companion knot in finitely many such half-planes so that the knot meets each half-plane in a single simple arc, and therefore meets the axis in a finite number of points. At the end of their paper they mention that the minimum number of planes required to present a given knot in this manner is a knot invariant and that it seems to have escaped attention. (Jósef Przytycki has since pointed out to us that the phenomenon is evident in a one-hundred-year-old paper by H. Brunn[Br].) We call this invariant the arc index of a link and denote it by α(L).

The aim of this paper is to give two new descriptions of the ordered set of all (up to equivalence) regular compactifications of a completely regular frame. F and to introduce and study the notion of A-frame as a generalization of the notion of Alexandroff space (known also as zero-set space) (Alexandroff[l], Gordon[15]). A description of the ordered set of all (up to equivalence) A-compactifications of an A-frame by means of an ordered by inclusion set of some distributive lattices (called AP-sublattices) is obtained. It implies that any A-frame has a greatest A-compactification and leads to the descriptions of A new category isomorphic to the category of proximal frames is introduced. A question for compactifications of frames analogous to the R. Chandler's question [8, p. 71] for compactifications of spaces is formulated and solved. Many results of [1], [3], [15], [23], [9], [10] and [11] are generalized.

A differential invariant of a G-structure is a function which depends on the r-jet of the G-structure and such that it is invariant under the natural action of the pseudogroup of diffeomorphisms of the base manifold. The importance of these objects is clear, since they seem to be the natural obstructions for the equivalence of G-structures. Hopefully, if all the differential invariants coincide over two r–jets of G-structure then they are equivalent under the action of the pseudogroup. If all the differential invariants coincide for every r it is hoped that the G-structures are formally equivalent, and so equivalent in the analytic case. This is the equivalence problem of E. Cartan. In this paper we deal with the problem of finding differential invariants on the bundles of ℝ*-structures, following the program pointed out in [3]. There are several reasons that justify the study of this type of G-structures. The first one is that it is a non-complicated example that helps to understand the G-structures with the property for the group G of having a vanishing first prolongation (i.e. of type 1). The simplicity comes from the fact that the algebraic invariants of ℝ* are very simple. The differential geometry of this type of structure, however, has much in common with general G-structures of type 1. Also, ℝ*-structures are objects of geometrical interest. They can be interpreted as ‘projective parallelisms’ of the base manifold and they can also be interpreted as a generalization of Blaschke's notion of a web.

Let f be an entire function of the form

where ø is a function in L2(ℝ) with compact support. If f|ℝ is real-valued then, for obvious reasons, (a) the supporting interval for ø is symmetric with respect to the origin, and

Assuming that f has no zeros in {Im z > 0}, we prove that the converse is also true: (a) and (b) together imply that f|ℝ takes values in αℝ, where α is a fixed complex number.

The proof relies on a certain formula involving the Dirichlet integral, which may be interesting on its own.

We extend a number of known criteria for normality of analytic and harmonic functions to the setting of solutions to elliptic partial differential equations. Some of the results hold for monotone Sobolev functions. We also discuss the boundary behaviour of monotone Sobolev functions.

Given an Ehresmann connection on the tangent bundle τ: TM → M we define a linear connection on the pull-back bundle τ*(TM). With the aid of this tool, necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of local coordinates in which a system of second-order differential equations is linear.