Pannaria howeana and P. streimannii are described here as new to science. Both species are restricted to the isolated Lord Howe Island in Australia. The former is known only from one collection and the latter from two sites. Pannaria howeana is a primarily fertile species, with rather broad lobes and few rhizines restricted to the central part of the lower side of the thallus. The lower sides of the lobes have a pattern of characteristic radiating hyphae and narrowly recurved margins similar to the New Zealand lichen P. araneosa (C. Bab.) Hue, which is considered to be its closest relative. Pannaria streimannii is a phyllidiate counterpart of P. howeana. Both species share a new chemosyndrome consisting of porphyrilic acid in combination with vicanicin and leprolomin. Local endemic species are uncommon among tripartite Pannaria species, and the coarse vegetative propagules of both species appear to be an adaptation to local dispersal on a small, isolated island.

The new species Lecanora coppinsiarum Kantvilas is described, based on collections from Tasmania. It is characterized by an entirely sorediate thallus containing atranorin only, and the anatomy of its biatorine apothecia, its Lecanora-type asci and small, hyaline, simple ascospores suggest a relationship to L. symmicta (Ach.) Ach. The South American species L. subviridis de la Rosa & Messuti is recorded for the first time for Tasmania.

The delimitation of two morphologically similar and not easily separable Vulpicida species, V. juniperinus and V. tubulosus, is analyzed using nuclear ITS and Mcm7, and mitochondrial SSU DNA sequences. Seventy-nine Vulpicida specimens, most from the two focal taxa, are included in the three-locus gene tree. The results from Bayesian and parsimony analyses are presented. There are strong conflicts between the single locus gene trees. Vulpicida juniperinus and V. tubulosus are divided into two clearly distinguished groups in the ITS and concatenated B/MCMC tree. However, these species are mixed in both clades, appearing polyphyletic. Currently accepted V. juniperinus and V. tubulosus are not distinct according to the loci studied. Vulpicida pinastri appears monophyletic based on the available sequences.

In continuation of our ongoing revisionary studies on the lichen family Graphidaceae from India, a treatment of 25 species of the lichen genera Fissurina and Hemithecium from India is presented. In our earlier work on the lichen genus Fissurina, 16 species were reported from India. In the present study, 17 additional species of Fissurina from India are recognized. Nine species, viz. Fissurina andamanensis, F. disposita, F. immersa, F. indica, F. microcarpa, F. nicobarensis, F. simplex, F. sporolata, and F. submonospora, are described as new to science. Seven species, viz. Fissurina canlaonensis, F. cingalina, F. comparimuralis, F. monospora, F. nitidescens, F. rubiginosa, and F. subnitidula, are recorded for the first time from India. One species, Fissurina sp. 1, is recorded but not formally described as new due to scanty material. Eight species in the lichen genus Hemithecium, including three new species, viz. H. kodayarense, H. longilirellatum, H. verrucosum, and five new combinations, viz. Hemithecium andamanicum, H. flabillatum, H. flavoalbum, H. flexile, and H. norlabiatum, are also recognized in the present work. A revised key for the identification of all 33 species of Fissurina and 26 species of Hemithecium so far known from India is provided.

Lecanora subjaponica L. Lü & H. Y. Wang from western China is described as new to science. It is the only known Lecanora species having (16–)32-spored asci and it is otherwise characterized by an epruinose, shiny brown apothecial disc, epihymenium lacking granules and the presence of zeorin in addition to atranorin. A worldwide key to the multispored species of Lecanora is also given.

Pyrgillus tibellii, a new lichen species, is described from India. It is characterized by mazaediate, perithecioid ascomata, an excipular margin with an orange reddish pruinose rim reacting K+ reddish violet, and large, 3-septate ascospores.

The Caloplaca holocarpa group contains members of the family Teloschistaceae with a strongly reduced thallus and conspicuous yellow, orange or red apothecia. In the absence of well-defined thallus characters, taxa of this group must be identified mainly by apothecial characters and are as a result often difficult to separate. The species of this group have been shown not to form a monophyletic entity, with representatives of other Teloschistaceae with more complex thalli intermixed among them. Caloplaca skii and C. syvashica are recognized here as two homogeneous clades with Caloplaca holocarpa-like phenotypes. Caloplaca skii, which is widespread in southern Europe, resembles C. cerinelloides but is distinguished by its smaller and narrower ascospores and by growing predominantly on xerophilous shrubs. Caloplaca syvashica is restricted to shrubs in salt marshes in the northern Black Sea region. It is similar to the British Caloplaca suaedae and Australian C. yarraensis, but differs from both, mainly in ascospore characters. Caloplaca yarraensis is closely related to the new C. syvashica but arguments against their conspecificity are emphasised. A key for epiphytic C. holocarpa-like Teloschistaceae from Europe is provided.

An account is given of the lichen genus Phlyctis in India. Phlyctis monosperma, with single spored asci and psoromic acid, and P. subhimalayensis, lacking secondary metabolites, are described here as new to science. A worldwide key to the genus is provided.

Acarospora dissecta (Bolivia) and Sarcogyne brunnea (Bolivia, Ecuador) are described as new to science. Acarospora trachyticola, a common effigurate species in Peru, is revised and reported as new for Argentina, Bolivia and Venezuela. Acarospora brasiliensis is considered as a later synonym of A. lorentzii, which is reported new for Peru. Sarcogyne terrena is revised. Silobia smaragdula is verified as occurring in Chile. Polysporina urceolata is reported new to South America from Bolivia.

Six new species of the genus Pyrenula are described as new to science from various countries in the tropics. Pyrenula borneensis is described from Borneo, P. endocrocea from the Philippines, P. hawaiiensis from Hawaii, P. rinodinospora from Papua New Guinea, P. rubrojavanica from Java, and P. thailandica from Papua New Guinea, India and Thailand.

A corticolous lichen species, Opegrapha granulosa Siljo & G. P. Sinha, with a UV+ pale yellow thallus, is described as new to science from the Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve, West Bengal, India.

Four new species of lichenicolous fungi are described from Bolivia: Capronia etayoi Flakus & Kukwa sp. nov. (on Dictyonema minus), Lichenosticta jurgae Kukwa & Flakus sp. nov. (on Lecanora sp.), Phaeosporobolus trypethelii Flakus & Kukwa sp. nov. (on Trypetheliumochroleucum; the host lichen new to Bolivia) and Spirographa usneae Flakus, Kukwa & Etayo sp. nov. (on Usnea sp.; also known from Ecuador).

We assessed multiple environmental factors that might influence the population vitality of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria at the individual tree and habitat levels in partially overgrown wooded meadows in Estonia. A total of 301 trees of four species were sampled at nine study plots, using a stratified factorial scheme, 151 colonized by L. pulmonaria and 150 not colonized by L. pulmonaria forming the control group. We used the Generalized Linear Models (GLZ) to identify a complex of factors which predicts the probability of the lichen occurring on tree trunks and the presence of apothecia on its individuals. We employed the General Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) to study the relationship between cover of L. pulmonaria and environmental factors. The occurrence probability of L. pulmonaria on tree trunks increased with increasing light availability and height of deciduous shrubs near the trunk, and decreased with increasing distance to the nearest colonized tree. The host tree species and its trunk properties were also of importance, particularly the facilitating effect of the cover of bryophytes upon L. pulmonaria. The probability of occurrence of apothecia increased with maximum values of bark pH and cover of L. pulmonaria on the trunk. We conclude that partially overgrown wooded meadows are suitable habitats for L. pulmonaria. However, to maintain the vitality of these populations, a specific management scheme, preventing development of a dense stand, should be applied. Management requirements would include 1) selective cutting of overgrowing coniferous trees (particularly spruce), 2) preservation of adult and younger potential host trees within 10–20 m of colonized trees, 3) preservation of scattered deciduous shrubs in the vicinity of the host trees.

Molecular studies have revealed the presence of yet another species in the Bryoria bicolor complex in China, which confirms that the mountains of SE Asia to be an evolutionary centre for Bryoria sect. Divaricatae. The new species B. rigida is formally described. It is characterized by a stiff and coarse thallus, which contains fumarprotocetraric acid and often protocetraric acid as the main substances. A key to the divaricate species of Bryoria in the Himalayan region is provided.

The new genus, Cameronia Kantvilas, is described and illustrated. It is characterized by a crustose thallus, a chlorococcalean photobiont, deeply immersed perithecioid ascomata, four-spored asci with an intensely hemiamyloid outer wall and non-amyloid, well-developed tholus, and hyaline, muriform ascospores. The taxonomic position of the new genus is uncertain although a relationship with the Ostropomycetidae is likely. Two species, both endemic to the highlands of Tasmania, are described: C. pertusarioides Kantvilas, which is one of the most common lichens on dolerite in alpine Tasmania, and C. tecta Kantvilas, which is confined to metamorphosed sediments.

A taxonomic study of the genus Porpidia in western China revealed two species hitherto unknown to science, Porpidia squamosa and P. shangrila, along with three new records for the country: P. flavicunda, P. soredizodes and P. thomsonii. Detailed taxonomic descriptions, ecological and chemical characters, and illustrations are provided for the new taxa, and brief taxonomic descriptions provided for the newly reported taxa. A key to all known Chinese Porpidia species is also provided.

A new gall-inducing lichenicolous fungus, Plectocarpon stereocaulicola Kukwa, Etayo and Flakus, is described from Bolivia from the thalli of Stereocaulon sp. The new species is characterized by black, epruinose rounded ascomata with a carbonized surface and a thalline pseudo-margin, as well as a non-carbonized, light brown sterile stromatic tissue in the lower part and 3-septate ascospores becoming brown and ornamented when mature.

A preliminary study of the Lecanora dispersa group in Argentina is presented. Two species (L. dispersa and L. hagenii) have been previously recorded and their known distribution is extended, one species (L. semipallida) is a new record from Argentina, and five taxa (L. flowersiana, L. persimilis L. torrida, L. wetmorei and L. zosterae var. zosterae) are reported for the first time from South America. Three species (L. albescens, L. crenulata and L. populicola) previously recorded for Argentina have not been confirmed as occurring in this country. Lecanora aff. fugiens is also treated and compared to the related species. The morphology, anatomy, secondary metabolites, distribution and ecology of the nine studied taxa are described and discussed, and a key to the taxa is included.

Three new species of Chapsa in the family Graphidaceae are described from tropical Asia. Chapsa mastersonii Rivas Plata, Lumbsch & Lücking from the Philippines is characterized by large apothecia with thickly white-pruinose discs, large, muriform, non-amyloid ascospores, and the stictic acid chemosyndrome. Chapsa wijeyaratniana Weerakon, Lumbsch & Lücking from Sri Lanka has apothecia similar to the preceding species but forms an ecorticate thallus with maculiform to capitate soralia, has small, submuriform ascospores, and lacks secondary substances. Chapsa wolseleyana Weerakon, Lumbsch & Lücking forms apothecia with red to pinkish or purplish red discs and large, muriform ascospores becoming pale brown.

In tropical South America (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil), we investigated the diversity of Usnea species with a pigmented, C+ yellow medulla. Four species are treated: the sorediate U. ceratina and U. entoviolata, the latter being new for South America, and the non-sorediate U. cristatula and U. flavorubescens, the latter being newly described here. A detailed description is provided for each species together with an identification key.