The theoretical description of the energy loss of heavy ions in fully ionized matter is considered, where we focus on the many–body and plasma physics aspects of the stopping of point like projectiles with a fixed charge by free electrons, disregarding the atomic physics of the projectile and the target ions. This starts by identifying different coupling regimes for a heavy ion which passes through an electron plasma, and continues with a discussion of the available and appropriate analytical and numerical treatments of the energy loss and their applicability in these various regimes. Special attention is given to a nonlinear coupling regime with significant strong coupling effects on the projectile-target energy transfer where standard perturbative approaches cease to be valid. More advanced theoretical treatments, which are required for this regime, are presented, discussed and evaluated by comparison with simulation results.

A new design for heavy-ion beam driven ramp wave loading experiments is suggested and analyzed. The proposed setup utilizes the long stopping ranges and the variable focal spot geometry of the high-energy uranium beams available at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung and Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research accelerator centers in Darmstadt, Germany. The release wave created by ion beams can be utilized to create a planar ramp loading of various samples. In such experiments, the predicted high pressure amplitudes (up to 10 Mbar) and short timescales of compression (<10 ns) will allow to test the time-dependent material deformation at unprecedented extreme conditions.

The anomaly at laser plasma interaction at laser pulses of TW to PW power and ps duration led to a very unique generation of quasi-neutral plasma blocks by a skin layer interaction avoiding the relativistic self-focusing. This is in contrast to numerous usual experiments. The plasma blocks have ion current densities above 1011 A/cm2 and may be used for a fast ignition scheme with comparably low compression of the deuterium tritium (DT) fuel. The difficulty is that a very high energy flux density E* of the ions is necessary according to the hydrodynamic theory (Bobin, 1971, 1974; Chu, 1972). This theory did not include the later discovered collective effect for the stopping power of the alpha particles. One problem is being discussed, whether the Bethe-Bloch binary collision theory or the collective collision theory of Gabor has to be applied. The inclusion of the collective effect results in a reduction of the threshold value of E* for ignition by a factor of about fife.

A theoretical model for the prolongation of lifetime of a gaseous plasma channel formed by two pulse technique at laser intensities below the tunnel ionization threshold is developed. The first laser pulse ionizes the gas completely on the axis and partially off the axis, causing self-defocusing of the pulse. After the passage of the pulse, the plasma expands radially, creating an atom/ion density profile with a minimum on the axis. Partial recombination also sets in. As the second pulse arrives, after a time delay of less than the recombination time (~ns), the electrons get heated, and the recombination rate is slowed down. The second pulse self focuses, enhancing the heating rate and lengthening the lifetime of the plasma channel.

An improved high luminosity, easily spectrally tunable backlighting scheme based on a spherically bent crystal is considered in this paper. Contrary to the traditional backlighting scheme, we used crystal far from normal incidence, and the backlighter source was inside the Rowland circle. With the presented configuration, we obtained a spatial resolution up to 8 µm in the desired direction with an X-ray backlighting energy close to 5 keV. Detailed discussions and ray-tracing calculations show that with this convenient scheme resolution down to 5 µm can be achieved. A dedicated application to high energy density physics is presented: the radiography of shock compressed matter.

As the state of the art for high power laser systems increases from terawatt to petawatt level and beyond, a crucial parameter for routinely monitoring high intensity performance is laser spot size on a solid target during an intense interaction in the tight focus regime (<10 µm). Here we present a novel, simple technique for characterizing the spatial profile of such a laser focal spot by imaging the interaction region in third harmonic order (3ωlaser). Nearly linear intensity dependence of 3ωlaser generation for interactions >1019 Wcm−2 is demonstrated experimentally and shown to provide the basis for an effective focus diagnostic. Importantly, this technique is also shown to allow in-situ diagnosis of focal spot quality achieved after reflection from a double plasma mirror setup for very intense high contrast interactions (>1020 Wcm−2) an important application for the field of high laser contrast interaction science.

A differential equation governing the wakefield potential (φ) in a plasma filled rectangular waveguide is derived analytically. This equation is solved numerically for the wakefield (Ew) generated with the help of three kinds of microwave pulses, namely sine pulse (SP), rectangular Gaussian pulse (RGP), and rectangular triangular pulse (RTP). The effect of microwave frequency (f), pulse duration (τ), waveguide width (b), equilibrium plasma density (n0), and microwave intensity (I) on the amplitude of the wakefield is studied. This amplitude is increased for the longer pulse duration and higher microwave intensity, but is decreased with growing waveguide width for all types of pulses. With regard to the variation of wakefield amplitude with plasma density, the RTP and SP behave in a similar fashion and the RGP behaves oppositely. The amplitude for the case of RGP gets increased with the plasma density. The amplitude is enhanced at larger microwave frequency for the cases of RGP and SP, but is decreased for the case of RTP. The comparative study of three types of pulses shows that the wakefield with larger amplitude is achieved with the help of rectangular triangular pulse, which is found to be sensitive with waveguide width, pulse duration and microwave intensity.

Recent experimental results demonstrated that well formed plasma jets can be produced at laser interaction with targets made of materials with high atomic number (A ≥ 29 where A = 29 corresponds to Cu). On the contrary, it is impossible to launch a plasma jet on low-A material targets like plastic. This paper is aimed at explanation of this difference by considering mechanisms responsible for plasma jet formation, i.e., the radiative cooling of ablative plasma and the influence of target irradiation annular profile speculated hitherto, newly complemented by different expansion regimes of the Cu and plastic plasmas (provided by numerical simulations). The experiment was carried out with the PALS iodine laser. Two different planar massive targets, plastic and Cu, as well as the plastic target covered by thin Cu layers of various thicknesses were irradiated by the third harmonic laser beam of energy of 30 J, pulse duration of 250 ps (full width at half maximum), and the focal spot radius of 400 µm. To find the most suitable range of these layers (from 28 to 190 nm) a simple analytical model of laser-driven evaporation was developed. Three-frame laser interferometer and an X-ray streak camera were used as two main diagnostic tools. Numerical modeling was performed with the use of two-dimensional hydrodynamic code ATLANT-HE. Results provided from experiments and theoretical analyses have proved that the process of plasma jet formation is rather complex. Relative importance of the three mechanisms mentioned above depends on the target irradiation geometry as well as the target material used.

We study proton acceleration from a foil target with a transversely varying density using multi-dimensional Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations. In order to reduce electron heating and deformation of the target, circularly polarized Gaussian laser pulses at intensities on the order of 1022 Wcm−2 are used. It is shown that when the target density distribution fits that of the laser intensity profile, protons accelerated from the center part of the target have quasi-monoenergetic spectra and are well collimated. In our two-dimensional PIC simulations, the final peak energy can be up to 1.4 GeV with the full-width of half maximum divergence cone of less than 4°. We observe highly efficient energy conversion from the laser to the protons in the simulations.

An analytical formalism of self focusing and self-phase modulation of an intense short pulse laser in a plasma due to relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities is developed. In the paraxial ray approximation, the pulse retains its Gaussian radial profile, however, its spot size varies with the distance of propagation in a periodic manner. It is influenced by self focusing. The frequency of the laser undergoes red shift. For a tanhyperbolic temporal profile of pulse, the red-shift is maximum at the foot of the pulse and decreases slowly as one goes to higher and higher intensity portions. The effect of ponderomotive nonlinearity is very significant in this respect. The maximum downshift occurs at a distance at which the laser acquires a minimum spot size. With retarded time normalized axial intensity increases more at z ~ Rd and the radial intensity is also more narrowly peaked at z ~ Rd, where Rd = 2π r02/λ is the Rayleigh length, r0 and λ are the spot size and wavelength of the laser pulse respectively.

This article presents the resonant excitation of the upper hybrid wave (UHW) by cross focusing of two high power laser beams in a collisionless hot magnetoplasma; taking into account the relativistic nonlinearity. The electric vectors of the two beams are polarized along uniform static magnetic field and the beams propagate perpendicular to the static magnetic field. The resonant excitation of the UHW occurs when the frequency difference (FD) of the two laser beams and difference of their propagation vector satisfy the dispersion relation corresponding to the UHW. It has been observed that the power associated with the excited UHW, which depends on the background electron concentration, magnetic field and the intensity of the two laser beams, becomes drastically modified with the distance of propagation. The effect of the excited UHW at the FD on the acceleration of electrons has also been discussed. The amplitude of the UHW, excited by two high power laser beams and the electron energy are also calculated. This study is relevant in heating of plasma near the upper hybrid frequency as well as electron acceleration. The results are presented for typical laser plasma parameters.

The electrical behavior of exploding wires was obtained by numerically solving the nonlinear differential equation describing the discharge circuit. For metal wires of high conductivity and low sublimation heat, such as copper, aluminum, gold, and silver, the circuit simulation can be well performed based on the resistivity model developed by Tucker in which the resisitivity is expressed by the explicit functions of specific action, i.e., ρ = f(g). For metals such as titanium and zinc with anomalously changing resistivity, i.e., decreasing rather than increasing with the liquid heating, the circuit simulation of the exploding wires can be performed using the implicit relationship between ρ and g that is read out point by point from the experimentally measured curve. Using the circuit simulation, the rate of the energy deposition in the exploding wires before the explosion can be obtained, which is helpful to choose the right experimental conditions for possible overheating that is desirable for getting smaller nano-powders produced by exploding wires.

This paper presents an investigation of the focusing of dark hollow Gaussian electromagnetic beams (HGB) in plasma, considering collisional, ponderomotive, and relativistic nonlinearities. A paraxial like approach, in which the parameters are expanded, in terms of radial distance from the maximum of irradiance rather than that from the axis, has been adopted. To highlight the nature of focusing, both critical curves and the divider curves have been obtained as a plot of dimensionless radius vs. power of the beam. The effect of the order of HGB (n), and nature of nonlinearity on self focusing of the beam has also been explored.

Cylindrical cryogenic targets are required to carry out the Laboratory Planetary Science scheme of the experiments of the High Energy Density matter Generated by Heavy Ion Beams collaboration at FAIR. In this paper, for the first time a thorough analysis of the problem of such targets' fabrication, delivery and positioning in the center of the experimental chamber has been made. Particular attention is paid to the issue of a specialized cryogenic system creation intended for rep-rate supply of the High Energy Density matter Generated by Heavy Ion Beams experiments with the cylindrical cryogenic targets.

In this article, filamentation of a high power laser beam in hot collisionless plasma is investigated considering the ponderomotive nonlinearity. We have studied the effect of self focusing (filamentation) of the laser beam on the localization of ion acoustic wave (IAW) and on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) process. The nonlinear coupling between the laser beam and IAW results in the modification of the Eigen frequency of IAW; consequently, enhanced Landau damping of IAW and a modified mismatch factor in SBS process occur. Due to enhanced Landau damping, there is a reduction in the intensity of IAW wave, and the SBS process gets suppressed. For the typical laser plasma parameters: the laser power flux = 1016 W/cm2, laser beam radius (r0) = 12 µm, n/ncr = 0.11, and (Te/Ti) = 10, the SBS reflectivity is found to be suppressed approximately by 10%.

The rise-time of the pulse on the diode of the intense electron-beam accelerators (IEBA) is one of the important factors that affect the quality and characteristic of the output beam current of the IEBA. In this paper, effect of the transition section between the main switch and middle cylinder of strip spiral Blumlein line (SSBL) on the diode voltage of IEBA is analyzed in theory, based on the theoretical analysis of the wave propagation along the Blumlein pulse forming line (BPFL), the traveling time of the transition section has a great effect on the rise-time, the plateau-time, and the fall-time of the output voltage at the matching load. Furthermore, the operation of the whole accelerator consisting of the primary energy-storage capacitor, the Tesla transformer, a main switch, the transition section, BPFL, and a resistive load was simulated using a circuit-simulation code called PSpice, and the dependence of the output voltage on the inductance of the main switch and the transition section was obtained. It was found from the wave propagation theory and the circuit simulation using computer results that the wave traveling time of the transition section between the main switch and the middle cylinder of the SSBL influences considerably the rise-time, plateau-time, and fall-time of the voltage waveform at the matching load. In order to get an ideal square pulse voltage waveform at the matching load and to improve the electron beam quality of such an accelerator, the wave traveling time of the transition section should be designed as soon as possible. At last, a couple of contrastive experiments are performed on two kinds of IEBA. The experimental results agree with the theoretical analysis and simulated results.

A feasibility of a new approach of laser fusion in plasma without implosion has been proposed and discussed using an intense laser. The cross-section of nuclear reaction is increased by the enhanced penetrability of nuclei through the Coulomb barrier. In this approach, an intense laser field of more than 10 EW was required to distort the Coulomb barrier to obtain enough penetrability. In the new improved model, a nuclear potential with meson attractive force is considered. Enhancement is observed for penetrability around EW or less power laser due to a nuclear potential. Energy gain even with Deuterium-Deuterium reaction can be obtained on this scheme in Deuterium plasma with energetic nucleon theoretically.

The acceleration of a micrometer-sized plasma pellet at 100 critical densities (1023 cm−3) by consecutive application of ultra-short ultra-intense laser pulses is studied using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. It is shown that due to the repeated actions of the laser ponderomotive force, a small dense plasma pellet can be efficiently accelerated, with a considerable fraction of the plasma ions accelerated to high speeds. The proposed scheme can provide a high-density flux of energetic ions, which should be valuable in many practical applications.

Ion acceleration by short, high intensity laser pulses in sets of small targets is treated by an analytical model developed here, and by two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. When an intense short laser pulse illuminates a thin foil target at normal incidence, electrons in the target are accelerated by the ponderomotive force. At the rear surface of the foil they generate a strong electric field that accelerates the ions, and generates an ion beam of small divergence. Using a mass-limited small target like a droplet enhances the ion energy, but increases divergence at the same time. In this paper, a combination of several-micron targets in a periodic structure (for example, a droplet chain) is proposed in order to increase the conversion efficiency from the incident laser beam to the emergent protons. Improvement of the energy flux conversion efficiency from the laser to the ion beam at optimal conditions is demonstrated.

External injection of electron bunches longer than the plasma wavelength in a laser wakefield accelerator can lead to the generation of femtosecond ultra relativistic bunches with a couple of percent energy spread. Extensive study has been done on external electron bunch (e.g., one generated by a photo-cathode RF linac) injection in a laser wakefield for different configurations.

In this paper, we investigate a new way of external injection where the electron bunch is injected at a small angle into the wakefield. This way one can avoid the ponderomotive scattering as well as the vacuum-plasma transition region, which tend to destroy the injected bunch. In our simulations, the effect of the laser pulse dynamics is also taken into account. It is shown that injection at an angle can provide compressed and accelerated electron bunches with less than 2% energy spread. Another advantage of this scheme is that it has less stringent requirements in terms of the size of the injected bunch and there is the potential to trap more charge.