In this study, we used thermo–mechanical control process (TMCP) technique to investigate the effect of arisen dislocation density and texture components on hydrogen induced cracking susceptibility in as-received API X60 pipeline steel. Dislocations and texture components appeared during cold rolling and annealing treatments. X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction measurements were used to study these phenomena. We observed that the cold rolling and annealing treatments produced higher dislocation density in deformed and recovered regions. The increase of dislocation density also caused the increased hydrogen trap density. Macro-texture studies by x-ray method indicates that initial weak texture of as-received X60 steel was changed from ζ-fiber to γ-fiber and θ-fiber in 90% cold rolled and annealed specimen. Therefore, the number of grains with 〈100〉||ND orientation which had a harmful effect on hydrogen induced cracking susceptibility increased. The {100} dominant texture and high density of hydrogen traps mitigated against any possible benefits of the other microstructural parameters such as coincidence site lattice boundaries and grain size. As a result, we could not consider this process as a suitable method to increase hydrogen induced cracking resistance in pipeline steel.

The effect of strain range on dynamic strain aging (DSA) is discussed based on the low cycle fatigue tests for different strain ranges conducted for 316L stainless steel at strain rate of 1 × 10−3 s−1. The variations of stress drop and hardening ratio are both compared for different strain ranges. The variations of stress drop are attributed to the dependence of vacancy concentration on strain range. The hardening ratio is higher at 600 °C than those at 20 °C and secondary hardening behavior occurs for larger strain range. The dependence of DSA on the number of cycles and the wave type for different stages are analyzed. Obvious DSA is observed in first few cycles, followed by weakening serrated yielding. However, the serrated yielding occurs again before fatigue failure. The difference of serrated yielding can be explained by the types of atom atmospheres at different cycles. A serrated wave is observed for smaller strain ranges, however, A, B, A + B, C, and B + C serrated waves can be found at different cycles for larger strain range. Finally, the crack nucleation and propagation on fracture surfaces are characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

The surface microstructure of shot peened (TiB + TiC)/Ti–6Al–4V is investigated using Rietveld whole pattern fitting method. The domain size and microstrain of them are obtained. By comparing the calculated results between them, it can be found that the microstructure variations of Ti–6Al–4V are more severe than those of (TiB + TiC)/Ti–6Al–4V, which is due to the effect of reinforcements' resistance to the deformation of the surface layer. The distribution of average domain size and microstrain of (TiB + TiC)/Ti–6Al–4V at varying depths are calculated, and the results are discussed in detail. Moreover, the probability distribution of the domain size at different depths is obtained using the lognormal distribution model. Based on the discussion, the results obtained from Rietveld whole pattern fitting method agree with the results calculated using the Voigt method, which reveals that the Rietveld method is an effective method of characterizing the surface microstructure of titanium matrix composites after shot peening treatments.

Very high cycle bending fatigue behaviors of FV520B steel under fretting wear were studied by the ultrasonic fatigue technique. The specimen system for ultrasonic bending testing was designed and the stress distribution of fatigue specimen was obtained by finite element method. The microstructure of FV520B steel was characterized by means of optical microscope, transmission electron microscope, and energy-dispersive spectroscope. The P–S–N curve was drawn based on fatigue data. The micromorphology characteristics of fretting wear surface and fracture surface for fatigue specimen were observed. The results indicate that the microstructure of FV520B steel is mainly composed of lath martensite, ferrite, and precipitation particles, with some randomly distributed internal inclusions. The P–S–N curve shows that there exists no “conventional fatigue limit” and the fatigue life decreases continuously with the increase of applied stress Smax. Most of fatigue cracks are observed on fractography and initiate from the overlap region of fretting wear zone and stress concentration zone. The fracture failure for tested specimen is ascribed to fretting wear and bending vibration fatigue.

A systematic analysis of effect of metallurgical defect and phase transition on geometric accuracy and wear resistance of iron-based parts fabricated by selective laser melting was conducted. By composition optimization of alloying elements, the desirable martensitic structure was directly obtained based on high-speed laser induction and the content of retained austenite was observed to be different under various laser parameters. Using an optimized scan speed of 1600 mm/s could lead to the highest densification level of 99.24% and the lowest content of retained austenite of 3.5%, hence acquiring a considerably high Rockwell hardness of 61.9 HRC, a reduced coefficient of friction of 0.40, and wear rate of 1.8 × 10−5 mm3/N m. A thorough investigation of dimension offset due to martensite transformation in conjunction with theoretical calculation was performed. Lower top surface roughness (5.25 μm) and reduced side roughness (13.84 μm) were achieved at the optimized scan speed of 1600 mm/s.

There is growing interest in using instrumented indentation to characterize mechanical properties of soft materials, including tissue properties related to damage and disease. However, sample surface detection has been a major challenge. The multi-indent approach (MIA) is a novel method to indirectly detect the surface using data from multiple indents to determine the preload-induced indentation depth. Elastic modulus and shear modulus determined by MIA were equivalent to bulk measurements for 19 and 49 kPa gels. However, the traditional Oliver–Pharr approach significantly overestimated these properties. MIA is also important to accurate characterization of poroelastic properties and allows for much smaller probes and indentation depths to be used for all measurements. This is particularly important for poroelasticity, where the relaxation time scales with the size of the indenter. The novel approach helps to resolve the long-standing challenge of surface detection and has the potential to broaden the use of instrumented indentation for soft materials.

Double deformation technique is often used to study static recrystallization (SRX) behavior of materials, and SRX volume fraction can be calculated by the analysis of the stress–strain curve from this technique. The suggested methods to analyze the curve are different, which may lead to different results or even large deviation. In the present research, the methods were discussed based on the stress–strain curves from double deformation compression tests. The results showed that 2% offset method agrees well with 5% total strain method and they can give a better evaluation of SRX volume fraction for the tested steel in the absence of precipitates. While the results from 2% offset or 5% total strain method deviate from the ones from area measurement method when precipitation occurs. Therefore, area measurement method is more suitable when precipitates play a role in SRX process. However, the strain should be large enough to perform this method.

A new technology for preparing and forming ceramic particle-reinforced metal matrix composites, powder thixoforming, has been proposed. The effect of the SiCp volume fraction on the microstructure and tensile properties of thixoforged SiCp/2024 Al-based composites was studied. The results indicated that the volume fraction affected the effective liquid fraction, primary particle size and shape, and microstructure compactness. A composite with 10 vol% SiCp had the best comprehensive tensile properties, an ultimate tensile strength of 388 MPa, a yield strength of 295 MPa, and an elongation of 3.8%, representing increases of 29.3 and 33.5%, and a decrease of 63.5%, respectively, compared with the values for the thixoforged 2024 Al matrix alloy. During tensile testing, cracks were initiated in the secondary solidified structures, the debonded SiC/Al interface, and the cracked SiCp. For composites containing over 10 vol% SiCp, agglomerated SiCp acted as additional zones of crack initiation.

We present a comprehensive nanoscale tribological characterization of single-layer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and transferred onto silicon oxide (SiO2) substrates. Specifically, the nanotribological properties of graphene samples are studied via atomic force microscopy (AFM) under ambient conditions using calibrated probes, by measuring the evolution of friction force with increasing normal load. The effect of using different probes and post-transfer cleaning procedures on frictional behavior is evaluated. A new method of quantifying lubrication performance based on measured friction coefficient ratios of graphene and SiO2 is introduced. A comparison of lubrication properties with mechanically-exfoliated graphene is performed. Results indicate that CVD-grown graphene constitutes a very good solid lubricant on SiO2, reducing friction coefficients by ∼90% for all investigated samples. Finally, the effect of wrinkles associated with CVD-grown graphene on measured friction values is quantitatively analyzed, with results revealing a substantial increase in friction on these structural defects.

Graphene-covered copper surfaces have been exposed to borazine, (BH)3(NH)3, with the resulting surfaces characterized by low-energy electron microscopy. Although the intent of the experiment was to form hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) on top of the graphene, such layers were not obtained. Rather, in isolated surface areas, h-BN is found to form μm-size islands that substitute for the graphene. Additionally, over nearly the entire surface, the properties of the layer that was originally graphene is observed to change in a manner that is consistent with the formation of a mixed h-BN/graphene alloy, i.e., h-BNC alloy. Furthermore, following the deposition of the borazine, a small fraction of the surface is found to consist of bare copper, indicating etching of the overlying graphene. The inability to form h-BN layers on top of graphene is discussed in terms of the catalytic behavior of the underlying copper surface and the decomposition of the borazine on top of the graphene.

In this paper, the compressive behaviors of Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) were experimentally studied under different testing conditions. To deeply reveal the inherent deformation mechanisms, numerical study was systematically conducted to analyze the shear banding evolution in BMGs, and the effect of testing machine stiffness, contact friction, and sample parallelism on the compressive ductility was therefore elucidated. Among them the effect of contact friction was carefully studied experimentally and the inherent deformation mechanisms was numerically analyzed in terms of the formation of shear bands. Free-volume theory was incorporated into ABAQUS finite element method code as a user material subroutine UMAT. The numerical method was firstly compared with the corresponding experimental results, and then parameter analyses were performed to discuss the impacts of testing conditions on the malleability of the BMG samples. The present work will shed some light on the interpretation of failure mechanisms in BMGs under different loading conditions.

We have developed a new synthesis method that includes a chemical vapor deposition process in a chamber settled in organic liquid, and applied its nonequilibrium reaction field to the development of novel carbon nanomaterials. In the synthesis at 1110–1120 K, using graphene oxide as a catalyst support, iron acetate and cobalt acetate as catalyst precursors, and 2-propanol as a carbon source as well as the organic liquid, we succeeded to create carbon nanofiber composed of novel pot-shaped units, named carbon nanopot. A carbon nanopot has a complex and regular nanostructure consisting of several parts made of different layer numbers of graphene and a deep hollow space. Dense graphene edges, hydroxylated presumably, are localized around its closed end. The typical size of a carbon nanopot was 20–40 nm in outer diameter, 5–30 nm in inner diameter, and 100–200 nm in length. A growth model of carbon nanopot and its applications are proposed.

Isothermal homogenization heat treatments for a GCr15 bearing steel cast billet were performed at temperatures of 1000–1250 °C and holding times of 30–180 min. The grain size of austenite was measured with a metallographic microscope through the linear intercept method. Experimental results show that the grain size of austenite increases with the increase in heating temperature and holding time. The relationship between grain size and homogenization cycles was established. The homogeneity of the cast billet has an obvious effect on the austenite grain size distributions. Small and large grains were observed in the high- and low-concentration regions, respectively. The log-normal function can describe the grain size distributions more accurately than other functions after heating at low temperatures for short times. However, the Weibull function fits the grain size data well when the heating temperatures and holding times are improved.

Simple shear deformation via hybrid cutting-extrusion is used to produce continuous electrical steel sheet from a commercial high-silicon (nominal 4 wt%) iron alloy of poor workability in a single deformation step, a fundamentally different route from the multi-step processing of rolling and annealing currently in use. The shear texture created in the sheet is found to be quite different from that produced by rolling. The magnetic properties of the shear-textured Fe–Si sheet are measured using closed-circuit permeametry and compared with those from sheet produced by rolling of the same alloy and a commercial non-grain-oriented sheet of similar composition. Properties compared include maximum relative permeability, induction, coercivity, and hysteresis loss. The results are interpreted in terms of microstructure, texture, and composition. A unit cell representation of the shear texture components is introduced that relates the expected orientation of easy magnetization directions with the sheet axes.

The electric field-assisted extrusion process is applied in Zr–45Ti–5Al–3V alloy. A transition from phase α to phase β is observed at various zones during the extrusion, and a complete transition is achieved by the considerable shear deformation. When subjected to the electric field-assisted extrusion, the continuous dynamic recrystallization is significant at the edges and the major shear deformation zones, and the equiaxed phase β grain structure is refined to a size of 250–300 µm. In addition, the phase β grains contain a minor amount of large residual lath-shaped phase α structures. The edges and the major shear deformation zones form a cubic texture along the {100}〈001〉 direction with a slightly weak polarity, while the polarity of the texture at the center is strong. The extrusion is found to decrease the edge strength from 1580 MPa to 1185 MPa and to increase the elongation up to 7.2%.

By using high purity aluminum powders and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as raw materials, MWCNTs/Al composites were fabricated with ball milling, followed by cold pressing, vacuum sintering, and hot extrusion. It was found that when the sintering temperature was 863 K, MWCNTs/Al composite sintered for 4 h showed good comprehensive properties, and its tensile strength and elongation reached to 156 MPa and 21%, respectively. The comprehensive mechanical properties of the composites became better with raising sintering temperature when the sintering time was 4 h. When the sintering temperature raised to 923 K, the tensile strength of the composite reached to 167 MPa which is three times more than that of annealed high purity aluminum, mainly due to the higher density and better interface bonding resulted from higher sintering temperature. CNTs' pulling out were observed obviously in the fractured surfaces, and load transfer may be the main strengthening mechanism.

In this paper we have reported analysis on activation energy and humidity sensing studies of Cu-doped ZnO thin films. Thin Films of undoped and Cu-doped ZnO nanomaterials were prepared. Undoped and Cu-doped ZnO thin films annealed at 600 °C showed the best results with sensitivity of 20.63 MΩ/%RH and 39.14 MΩ/%RH respectively in the 15–95% RH range. Low value of activation energy indicated that this sensing element had low operating temperature and could be used at room temperature. Other parameters like response time, recovery time, hysteresis, and aging effects were also studied. The crystallite size for the sensing element of pure ZnO annealed at 600 °C calculated from Scherrer's formula is in the 24–38 nm range. For the sensing element of 7% Cu doped ZnO the range of crystallite size is 25–41 nm. The average grain size as measured from SEM micrograph for 7% Cu doped ZnO and pure ZnO sensing elements were 36 and 42 nm, respectively.