This is a hybrid journal, which means it provides authors with options to make their articles open access, including the option to publish Gold Open Access under a Creative Commons licence. In many cases the costs of publishing Gold Open Access articles are covered by institutional open access agreements. If you would like to publish Gold Open Access but are not covered by such an agreement, another option is for an article processing charge (APC) to be paid, typically by your funding body or institution. Please see this journal's open access options for full details.

For articles that are not published Gold Open Access, APCs do not apply.

For cases where an APC is required, please see the table below for this journal’s APC rates (additional taxes may apply).

Article Processing Charges for this journal

Currency	APC
GBP (£)	2460
USD ($)	3550

Prepayment for manuscript submission is required (unless it has been explicitly waived). The submission fee is $350 (payable only via credit card). A refund of $275 will be issued if the Managing Editor elects not to send your paper to a reviewer. The submission fee covers editorial labor and reviewer honoraria and is entirely separate from open access article processing charges. Submission fees are not covered by institutional read and publish deals.