Experiments were conducted to elucidate the effect of host density on sex ratio of parasitoid offspring, using Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its endoparasitoid Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). The sex ratio of Campoletis chlorideae was female-biased showing a linear decrease with increasing parasitoid density at fixed host densities. However, with more hosts available, the number of parasitoids emerging increased, stabilising after a density of 32 hosts per parasitoid. To obtain a female-biased sex ratio, a low density of parasitoids should be released at a recommended site.

The production of the nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura was studied to determine the optimum conditions for in vivo production using homologous host larvae reared on artificial diet. We compared NPV production in 7, 8, 9 and 10-day-old larvae and found that 9-day-old larvae gave the highest virus yield. The optimum dose was determined by infecting 9-day old larvae (weighing 125–155 mg) with a range of doses. The maximum NPV production achieved was 3.91 × 109 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs) per larva using an inoculum of 4.8 × 106 PIBs. A 7-day incubation period was found to be optimum for NPV production. Moribund larvae were found to be more suitable for handling and for the mass production of virus than dead ones.

The influence of post-treatment temperature on the insecticidal activity of Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) seed extract against the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) is reported. In tests on adults, the toxicity of crude A. indica seed extract increased by about 10-fold when the post-treatment temperature was raised from 22°C to 40°C. This temperature-dependent toxicity was observed in insects treated either topically or via injection. This phenomenon could partly explain the wide variability in efficacy of neem extracts reported by different investigators.

The effectiveness of aqueous neem leaf and seed extracts for the control of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on cabbage was evaluated in field tests at Chokwe, Mozambique and compared with parallel dimethoate + cypermethrin treatments. All the neem treatments recorded significantly higher yield of marketable heads of cabbage and significantly better control of diamondback moth than the commonly used mixture of pyrethroids or the untreated control. The neem seed extracts provided the best control of DBM. The possibility of using neem extracts as part of an integrated pest management system for DBM control in smallholder farms is discussed.

Volume 19 Number 4 (1999), page 304. In the article ‘IRLCS, 1955–1958: Three years of development and progress in controlling the red locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata’ by A. J. M. Carnegie. Column 2, para 5 should read ‘In parallel with the fire prevention campaign, a more concentrated experiment was conducted on a 6-mile by 1-mile (9.7 km by 1.6 km) strip of grassland…’