The myocardial infarction deprives the heart muscle of blood and oxygen, and causes chest pain and pressure sensation.Its risk factors like high cholesterol, cigarette smoking and physical inactivity, can lead to coronary heart diseases with symptoms of depression and anxiety that predict subsequent mortality.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of education on anxiety and depression in patients with myocardial infarction in selected hospitals of Urmia-Iran.

This study was a quasi-experimental study that comprised. 124 patients selected randomly and divided into two groups. The experimental group was educated by a face to face training and educational booklet. Control group did not receive any intervention. The level of anxiety and depression was evaluated by using HADS questionnaire at 3 intervals,after 48 hours of admission, discharge day and 2 months after discharge.

The findings suggest that MI patients worried about their social role, interpersonal relations and personal health, which can exacerbate symptoms and complicate their future care. There was no significant difference between control and experimental groups before the intervention, But after the intervention, anxiety and depression in the experimental group was significantly less than control group, (p < 0.05).

Considering the beneficial effect of intervention on reducing anxiety and depression in such patients, the patient's education should be one of the health care goals. Most researches may also be required to confirm the results in other groups of patients.

The duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is the time between the onset of symptoms and first psychiatric drug treatment. A large number of studies show that this time stretch is largely variable and often very long, lasting several months or even years and is associated with a worse outcome.

This retrospective study is based on an analysis of medical records, standardized format AMDP, used at the Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Cagliari. The sample consisted of 184 patients (M = 57.1%, F = 42.4%) with an history of a psychotic onset regardless of the diagnosis made. We have collected data on the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), number of relapse, number of hospitalizations, number of suicide attempts, disease duration, have been considered as course and outcome variables.

The duration of untreated psychosis is associated with an increased number of hospitalizations during the course of the disease (p = 0.04) regardless the disease duration. Our study gives a further confirmation of the fact that early intervention in first psychotic episode is necessary to improve the course of psychiatric illness.

Plans and actions for collaboration of different disciplines and sectors for promotion of mental health and preventing mental disorders should include the involvement of different partners at various levels of expertise.

Examples of various implementations are to be shared among all parties so that exchange of experiences (including successes and failures) can enhance and stimulate further cooperation.

There has been several “learning together” activities carried out in Kocaeli, Turkey, in the last fifteen years, with the involvement of different governmental and nongovernmental organisations to raise awareness and to improve collaboration among decision makers, service providers and service users.

Physicians (including psychiatrists), psychologists, social workers, nurses, counsellors, teachers, members of armed forces, lawyers, administrators, service users, their family members have all been part of different implementations, most of them at local and a few at national level. It has not been possible in all cases to achieve the intended results, but it would be fair to conclude that there were lessons to be learned from all trials.

Some of the reasons of missing the intended results were different backgrounds, expectations, attributions, various and sometimes conflicting agendas of partners; limited experience regarding working and learning together for almost all partners… Some of the achievements were related with common interests, having experienced a major disaster (an earthquake), challenge of working against stigma with limited resources, openness and friendship at most of the cases… Several examples are planned to be discussed during the presentation.

Jorvi Early psychosis Recognition and Intervention (JERI) - team at Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH) is an early detection and intervention team for adolescents at risk for psychosis.

The JERI team meets with adolescents at ages between 12–22 at school or at home together with their parents and with community co-worker, for example with social worker, teacher, nurse or GP, who has contacted the team for reason of unclear or undiagnosed mental health problems.

The main purpose of JERI team is to identify the possible risk of psychosis by interview instruments and meet the client and family together with community co worker(s) to find a way to reduce stress.

The model is based on idea of community and family oriented care and stress-vulnerability model of psychosis. The JERI hypothesis is that stress-reducing care where family and community co workers are involved could decrease pre-psychotic symptoms and increase functioning ability in adolescents at risk for psychosis.

As an example: A school nurse contacts JERI-team because of a schoolboy who has started to stay at home recently. His parents argue a lot, he is bullied at school and he has problems in school performance. The parents would be involved in discussions about the family situation, the school social worker about how to stop bullying and the teacher how to support the school performance despite of possible cognitive problems.

Presented model seems to work according to clinical experience and an earlier follow-up study.

Medical education and training can directly contribute to the development of psychological distress in medical students. This can lead to catastrophic consequences such as impaired academic performance, impaired competency, medical errors and attrition from medical school. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of psychological morbidity among Iranian medical students.

This was a cross sectional study. Samples of medical students in different levels of training (basic science, clinical clerkship, internship, and residency stage) were entered into the study. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used to measure psychological morbidity. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were used to report on findings.

In all 220 medical students were invited to take part in the study. Of these, 192 students agreed to fill in the questionnaire. The mean age of respondents was 25.4 (SD = 5.2) and 53% were female. Overall 49.5% of the students scored above the threshold on the GHQ-12 (score >3.5). The results obtained from logistic regression analysis indicated that female gender and level of training were the most significant contributing factors to increased psychological distress [OR for female gender = 2.99; OR for the basic science group = 6.73].

Psychological distress appears to be common in medical students and significantly varies by gender and level of training. The psychological well-being of medical students needs to be more carefully addressed, and closer attention to eliminating the risk factors is critical to prevent consequent adverse outcomes.

Mental health literacy is an emergent research area in the fields of health promotion and mental illness prevention in communitarian environment, considered one relevant variable in the professional help-seeking behavior.

Evaluate the mental health literacy of Portuguese adolescents and youth concerning depression and schizophrenia; - Identify the contribute of the social demographic variables in mental health literacy.

Characterize the mental health literacy of adolescents and youth with the aim of create health promotion and mental illness prevention programs.

Descriptive-correlational study. Sample of 671 students, randomly selected of Portuguese schools. 294 of male gender and 323 of female gender, with an average age of 15,20 (sd = 1,84 years). The data were collected with the Mental Health Literacy Evaluate Questionnaire (Loureiro, Pedreiro and Correia, 2011). The data were analyzed using the IBM-SPSS 20.

Only 47,81% correctly identifies depression and 22,04% schizophrenia. Besides gender (p = 0,002), the familiarity with the mental illness and the socio demographic variables weren?t related to the recognition of the disorders.

The low levels of mental health literacy are a problem and a challenge, since they are associated with prejudiced and stigmatizing visions of the diseases and the ill with implications in the professional help-seeking behavior. The planning of programs should be alert since the adolescents and youth are the group with less interaction with the health system.

SIPS (version 3.0) data from n = 243 participants of the European Prediction of Psychosis Study (EPOS) were used for the current analysis. Inclusion criteria comprised ultra-high risk criteria and the basic symptom criterion COGDIS. The EPOS investigators received extensive training by one of the scale's authors (Tandy J. Miller, PhD). Pairwise interrater concordance for SIPS was 77%, which was determined acceptable by the training team. A principal component analysis was performed (Eigenvalues > 1, varimax rotation).

A five factor solution emerged. Factor 1 was primarily defined by a loss of intentionality, functioning and stress tolerance, factor 2 by anhedonia and affective blunting, factor 3 by cognitive and behavioural disorganization, factor 4 by delusions. Sleep disturbances and perceptual abnormalities/hallucinations have both been associated with dopaminergic disturbances, this may explain their common appearance on factor 5.

The originally suggested structure of the SIPS proofed not to be stable and was replaced by a five-factor solution. Our results suggest considering a different item and factor structure in future SIPS based data analyses.

Ultra-high risk (UHR) criteria are defined by attenuated and/or transient full-blown psychotic symptoms and/or a combination of genetic risk factor and deterioration of functioning. To achieve a higher predictive specificity and a clear threshold of clinical importance, functional impairment has been considered as an obligate part of all UHR criteria.

In the European Prediction of Psychosis Study (EPOS)N = 37 participants converted to psychosis, n = 146 completed the whole 18-month follow-up period without conversion. Assessed by the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, modified version (GAF-M), the following functional states were considered: Considered GAF-M: ≤30%/≤10% reduction of baseline scores related to highest scores in the previous year; scores ≤70/≤60.

The GAF reduction criteria led to a very unfavorable loss of sensitivity, even, if only 10% were demanded. This was accompanied by correspondingly unfavorable accuracy measures. Introducing functional impairment criteria defined by the current state reported to be predictive for psychiatric caseness (score ≤ 70) or to define serious impairment (score ≤ 60) (Kessler et al., 2002, 2003) kept sensitivity at a perfectly high level, yet did not produce any gain of specificity.

These results were certainly be caused by the fact that the whole group showed already low GAF-M scores in the previous year. Thus, a functional impairment criterion proved not to be useful to improve prediction. However, a combination of APS or BLIPS with a ‘clinical status’ criterion of GAF-M ≤ 70 may be considerable to demonstrate a strong need for intervention.

A considerable part of clinical high-risk samples does not convert to psychosis within the studies' limited observation periods. A part of these ‘non-converters’ shows a remission of symptoms (with unknown future course). Another part, however, maintains the risk state during follow-up.

Persistence of indicators for an increased risk of psychosis.

To investigate, if persistence of attenuated (APS) or brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms (BLIPS), the core syndromes of ultra-high risk (UHR) criteria, can be predicted clinically.

N = 129 participants of the European Prediction of Psychosis (EPOS) Study were included into the current analysis. Persistent Risk Symptoms (pRS) were defined as an at-least ‘moderate’ level (SIPS) of at least one positive symptom at all visits (symptom had to remain the same). Functional significance was defined by a GAF-M score ≤60 at 18-month follow-up (T2).

23.3% displayed persistent risk symptoms throughout follow-up. Most frequent pRS were ‘unusual thought contents’, ‘ideas of persecution’ and ‘perceptual disturbances’. In 90% of the pRS subjects, but only in 25.3% of the non-pRS subjects, GAF scores at T2 were below 60 points (p < 0.01).

Logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of the pRS syndrome at T2 was predictable by the early course of attenuated positive symptoms with maximum accuracy when the number of at least ‘moderate’ symptoms was considered.

A considerable number of subjects at risk showed persistent attenuated positive symptoms associated with long-lasting functional impairments, irrespective of conversion within the foreseeable future.

Nurses health, particularly their mental health as providers of care is effective in quality of care on patients. Lack of attention to mental health is one of the important factors in reduced efficacy, lass of human power and physical and mental complications especially in professional services.

In this cross- sectional descriptive study, all of nurses in psychiatric and dialysis wards were evaluated. Survey instruments were 2 questionnaires: 1- demographic variable and 2- general health questionnaire (GHQ-28). Data were analyzed by using SPSS soft ware, chi-square and fisher-exact tests.

The mean age of nurses was 33/90 ± 7/29, 85/1% were married, 68/1% female, 56/6% employed in psychiatric ward and 40/4% in dialysis ward. 38/3% of nurses had not perfect mental health. nurses with over time work had less mental health (P:0.017) Depression and hopelessness in psychiatric nurses was more than dialysis nurses(P:0.02)significant relationship there was not between shift work, employment status, work history, physical history, sex,marriage with mental health(P > 0.05). Depression in psychiatric nurses, anxiety and somatization in dialysis nurses were the highest subscales.

There wasn’t a significant relation between mental health and age,sex,marital status and number of child.

The results show that significant rate of nurses don’t have metal health. Especially the nurses of psychiatric ward and the nurses who work over time have less Mental health, although more studies for accurate evaluating of causes that effect on the mental health and doing something for preventing and treatment of mental disorders is suggested in this group.

Many cases of mental illness are not detected and therefore not treated adequately. One reason for the low detection rate is that people do not spontaneously report psychological problems. Probing for psychopathology using screening-tools is a potential solution to this problem. The Symptom Checklist 90 revised (SCL-90-R) is a reliable and valid instrument in the assessment of psychological problems. Studies have shown that individuals with SCL-90-R total scores > 0.63 or values of > 0.63 in two or more subscales have a high risk of mental illness.

Screening for mental disorders can take place in many settings. One potential setting, which has received relatively little attention, is that of the workplace.

To investigate whether the workplace is a useful setting for screening for mental disorders.

To identify the SCL-90-R cut-off point which ensure maximum sensitivity and specificity in the detection of people with mental illness in the setting of a workplace.

The SCL-90-R was distributed to workers at 4 different workplaces. Individuals with total scores > 0.63 or values of > 0.63 in two or more subscales were invited to undergo diagnostic assessment by a doctor according to the Present State Examination.

A total of 438 workers completed the questionnaire. From this sample 98 met SCL-90-R criteria to undergo PSE and of these 53 were evaluated to be in need of further treatment. The results on optimal SCL-90-R cut-off regarding sensitivity, specificity etc. are not yet available, but will be presented at the EPA conference.

Technological and medical progresses stimulated a worldwide demographic transition with a high socio-economic impact. The Mental Health in Older People Consensus suggests that elderly mental health deserve attention from a research and a public health perspective.

To investigate mental disorders in a population-based sample of persons aged 75+ living in Faenza (Northern Italy).

The Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination (CAMDEX) (Roth, 1986) was administered to 462 elderly (or/and their proxies/informants). Cognitive functions were tested using CAMDEX-Cognitive section (CAMCOG) and dementia diagnoses were achieved according to DSM-IV criteria. Among cognitively intact individuals, depression was diagnosed based on DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria. Presence of general anxiety disorder was evaluated using the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory Short Form (GAI-sf) (Byrne, 2011).

Dementia prevalence was 19.1% (95% Confidence Intervals: 16–23%). Even if only eight (2.2%) participants were affected by a major depressive episode (DSM-IV criteria), one out of four participants was clinically diagnosed as being depressed when ICD-10 criteria were applied: mildmoderate- and severe-depression prevalence was 16.4% (95%CI: 12.6–20.2%); 7.5% (95%CI: 4.8–10.2%); 1.1 (95%CI: 0.04–2.2%) respectively. Furthermore 20 (5.4%) participants complained sub-threshold depressive symptoms. Three persons had psychotics’ symptoms (two were depressed). Fifty-one participants (11.0%) felt that living was not worthy (95%CI: 8.0–14.0%) and 29 (7.0%) had suicidal thoughts (95%CI: 4.0–8.0%). Anxiety affected the 18.6% of the sample (95%CI: 14.0–22.0%). Depression and anxiety co-occurred in 36 persons (10.2% of the total population).

At least one mental disorder is diagnosable in one out of two community-dwelling elderly.

The concept of delirium has developed historically from the prototype of acute confusion with psychomotor agitation. While the modern view of delirium recognizes four core features (disturbance of consciousness, disturbance of cognition, limited course and external causation), their operationalization can produce a misleading picture of the most common manifestations of delirium in elderly people.

Alert to the diagnosis of delirium in elderly patients.

Review of relevant literature.

Delirium is a multifactorial syndrome, involving the interrelationship between patient vulnerability, predisposing factors at admission, and the noxious insults and aggravating factors during hospitalization. A significant proportion of elderly patients are either delirious on admission to hospital, or develop delirium at some point during their hospital stay. The clinic needs to be alert to the predisposing and precipitating factors, which have the potential to identify those at risk of delirium and to prevent it occurring, like age, sex, dementia, psychiatric disorders and physical illness. Another important phase of assessment is the differential diagnosis that includes most other organic and functional psychiatric disorders (but it's necessary to remember that their presence does not exclude the possibility that the subject is delirious as well), especially depression, dementia or dysphasia due to a cerebrovascular accident.

Complications arising from the delirious state in elderly patients prolong hospital admission and contribute to adverse functional outcomes, notably increased dependency and higher rates of institutionalization.

The increase of older adults in the population has emphasized the need for consideration of what it takes to live this phase of life with a sense of adjustment.

This research aims at (a) investigating latent constructs that can work as major determinants in adjustment to aging (AtA), age representation (AR) and subjective age (SA) and (b) exploring relationships of these constructs in an older cross-cultural population.

For the purposes of this study, one measure of cognitive functioning - the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and demographics, were included. Measures were completed using a variety of culturally appropriate methods, including self-administration and interviews. All variables had fewer than 1% missing values and there complete data were available for 33 older adults (mean age 86.2, SD = 5.4, (range 74–101)) from eight different nationalities. Data was subjected to content analysis. Representation of the associations and latent constructs that can work as major determinants in older adults’ SA, contributors to AtA and AR, were assessed by a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA).

AtA was associated with SA and AR in older adults. Findings indicated a model for each pre-category, with diverse factors and factor loadings.

AtA, SA and AR are strongly explained by increased likelihood of specific constructs in its definition. Enhancing AtA on shared perceptions of SA and AR, might be an important target to improve older adults’ clinical interventions’ outcomes.

There has been little attention in the research literature on the relationships between psychological adjustment and aging.

This research aims at examining the relationships between older adults' psychological adjustment, and aging.

The measures used to in the study were selected to assess the reliability and validity of one new instrument, Adjustment to Aging Schedule (ATAS). Measures were completed using a variety of culturally appropriate methods, including mail-outs, self-administration and interviews. For the purposes of this study, the Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-6D), one measure of cognitive functioning - the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and demographics, were included. All variables had fewer than 2% missing values and there complete data were available for 212 older adults (mean age 86.2, SD = 5.4, (range 74–101)) from eight different nationalities. Exploratory factor analyses were run for data reduction and for exploring theoretical structure. Controlling for age, gender and country of origin, we assessed the level of psychological adjustment of elderly people, and its impact on aging.

Psychological adjustment appears to be a catalyst to attitudinal markers of maturity and internal development which in turn impact aging, across cultures. All estimates were statistically significant (p < .01).

This cross-cultural study illuminates links among psychological adjustment and aging in older age, warranting further study across cultures among frailer populations over time. Recommendations for future research on older adults' psychological adjustment and clinical interventions are also presented.

The sensitivity and specificity of a Chinese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-CV) for Screening mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were examined.

MoCA-CV and MMSE together with a battery of neuropsychological tests were administered to 1056 elders who were recruited from three regions of Beijing (i.e. new town, old town, rural areas).

Twenty-six participants were diagnosed with dementia, 118 were MCI by psychiatrists and neurologists, and 875 were considered to be cognitively normal based on independent neuropsychological tested. Using the recommended cut-off score of 26, the MoCA-CV had an excellent sensitivity of 90.4% to detect MCI from controls, while the specificity was relatively poor (32.0%). Using a lower cut-off score of 22, the MoCA-CV exhibited the optimal balanced sensitivity of 68.7% and specificity of 65.2%. Among all the seven cognitive sub-domains, delayed recall performed the best differentiation of MCI from normal controls. Item analysis showed the internal consistency was relatively low in both naming and sentence repetition tasks which related with the characteristics of Chinese language and culture. Region differences were not significant when such confounding demographic variables as age, gender and education were controlled.

The MoCA-CV is a brief and effective screening tool for detecting MCI. However, presumably due to linguistic and culture issues and the lower education level of Chinese elders, the MoCA-CV did not show better screening capability than MMSE as expected. Some items may need further adaptation to accommodate the language, culture and education characteristics of Chinese participants.

It is commonly accepted that unconsciously perceived masked priming stimuli can trigger partial activation of motor responses or recognition processes. It has been shown in numerous studies that reaction times for compatible trials (primes and targets call for the same responses) are shorter than for incompatible trials for short prime-target temporal distances. On the contrary, for long prime-target temporal distances reaction times for compatible trials are longer than for incompatible trials.

Subliminal priming of motor reaction is rarely used in clinical studies of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders.

To test whether pattern of responses in subliminal priming of motor reaction task differs between healthy controls, alcohol dependent people and Parkinson's disease patients.

Participants from four groups were examined:Parkinson's disease patients, alcohol dependent patients, young healthy controls and elderly controls. Subliminal priming of motor reaction task was used.

It was found that reaction time to subliminal visual stimuli in individuals from different groups varies. A specific pattern of responses was observed for each group. Reaction times were the shortest in the group of young controls and the longest in Parkinson's disease patients. Processing visual stimuli in alcohol dependent people and Parkinson's disease patients seems to have different mechanism in comparison to healthy controls.

Analysis of mean reaction times during presentation of compatible and incompatible trials allows to differentiate examined groups at quantitative and qualitative level. Differences between particular groups (especially alcohol dependent and Parkinson's disease patients) may contribute to better understanding and diagnosis of the diseases.