Philosophy is one of the disciplines that can more adequately provide a contribution to the definition of the focus and limits of psychiatry in the definition of human being. Substantial, comprehensive contributions to this field come from Martin Heidegger, one of the most prominent and seminal philosophers of the 20th century.

During the 50's the Italian psychiatrist Franco Basaglia comes up with the philosophy of Martin Heidegger and he gains the concept of human being as’Being-in-the- world’, central point in every relationship with the others.’Being-in-the-world’ is not a merely spatial relation with ourselves and the others, but is the fundamental meaning of human existence and of the Care. The Care is not only a medical concept but also an ontological and ethical one: overcrossing the concept of empathy, Heidegger argues that all objectifying representations of a capsule-like psyche, subject, person, ego or consciousness in psychology and psychopathology must be abandoned in favor of a new understanding of human being, starting from its ontological characters:’Being-in-the-world’,’Being-with-the-others’ and’Being-toward-death’.

The comparison of Heidegger's philosophy and psychiatry on the ground of Care, as it emerges from 2 books, Being and Time and Zollikoner Seminars.

The necessity of a philosophical approach to the issue of Care starting from a philosophical understanding of human being.

The theoretical aspects of Heidegger's philosophy are important instruments for the psychiatric work and for a new concept of Care.

Little is known about medical students’ interest in their training on drug addiction, their personal experience of consumption and whether these aspects influence the detection of addiction in patients.

To study the interest of medical students enrolled on the psychiatry course in the area of addictions, and evaluate the influence of such interest, a history of personal consumption and gender on the detection of addiction in patients.

Voluntary participation was offered to all students from academic years 2008–2009 to 2012–2013. Of the 505 potential students, 336 questionnaires were collected, of which 71.13% were female.

Of the respondents, 88.5% considered that drug dependence issues are important to their professional future and 63% that the approach to drug-related diseases is important. A total of 34% of the students had already assessed addicted patients in their previous clinical training. The students report consuming alcohol(69%), cigarettes(19.5%) and illegal drugs(15.8%). The female students consumed fewer illegal drugs than the men(p0.022) and more frequently considered that the list of topics to be covered was appropriate(p0.021). The male students consumed more illegal drugs more frequently(p 0.005), knew more consumers(p 0.023), and those who drink alcohol consumed more illegal drugs than women(p < 0.005). However, the men seemed to have assessed fewer addicted patients in their previous clinical experience(p0.094).

Consumption among medical students may have a normalizing role on consumption and prevent the detection of addicts. It is important to educate and raise awareness on drugs, as this may influence detection. The focus should be particularly on the male group.

especially in English, the most important emotion terms are at least ambiguous and often misleading. A preliminary approach is offered toward defining fear, grief, anger, shame and pride. The elaborate hiding of shame studies by the use of alternative words is described in detail. Approaches to emotion that allow them to be noticed and discussed openly and directly are probably important not only for research but for our whole civilization.

Dementia is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders in nursing home residents. Despite a high prevalence and a major impact on daily activities, dementia remains largely underdiagnosed and therefore rarely treated in nursing homes throughout the world.

This study aims to determine the prevalence of dementia among residents of Manouba nursing home (in Tunis) and to identify the proportion of recognised cases of dementia among this population.

A cross-sectional study was performed from September to October 2012 among all consenting residents of Manouba nursing home. Sociodemographic data were collected by the means of a semi-structured questionnaire. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test in its Arabic version. We excluded subjects who could not take the MoCA test because of a severe sensory deficit or a severe psychiatric condition.

At the time of the study, the population of Manouba nursing home residents consisted of 116 subjects. After applying the exclusion criteria, we retained 77 subjects: 48 males (62.3%) and 29 females (37.7%). The average age was 72.6 years. The average MoCA score was 14.4 +/− 6.5 (range: 3 to 29). The prevalence of dementia in our population was 58.4% (n=45). Among these 45 subjects with dementia, only three (or 6.7% of dementia cases) were already diagnosed as such. Of these three patients, only one was on anticholinesterase treatment.

Dementia is largely underrecognised and hence undertreated in nursing homes in Tunisia as in other countries. Routine screening for cognitive deficits seems paramount in order to ensure early diagnosis and treatment of this debilitating condition.

Hazard perception is an important factor of human's behavior and emotional state. Distortion of hazard perception is cognitive and emotional component of some psychopathological phenomena as phobia, anxiety, paranoia, risking behavior.

To specify relation between hazard perception and aggressiveness and patterns of reactions on frustration in different groups of adolescents.

22 adolescents (diagnosis: schizotypal & personality disorders) – MDA (mentally disordered adolescents) group - undergoing medical treatment in a clinic; 23 adolescents – control group - never attended by psychiatrist were examined in school. Diagnostic complex targeted at identifying the peculiarities of categorizing situations ambiguous in the aspect of danger consists of projective methods specially prepared for the investigation, Hand test, Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Study.

MDA group has increasing of situations estimated as dangerous (p<0,01 Mann-Whitney criterion), they refer more situations to the hazardous ones. Their judgment about danger is more personified and includes traumatic experience and obsessive ideas.

MDA and control groups consider social interaction and existential questions as most significant origin of danger.

There were no correlations between aggressiveness, leading pattern of reaction on frustration and hazard perception.

This study has identified the structure of perceived hazard in adolescents with mental disorders and identified its specific features in comparison with normal adolescents cases. MDA group has referred more situations to the hazardous ones.

For further investigation we set a task to increase the number of participants in both groups and to include additional tests for estimating personal traits, which may be related with hazard perception.

The array of diagnostic criteria for reactive depression includes verification of psychogenic triggers, as well as definition of predisposing «soil» features [Schneider K., 1959], i.e. constitutional predisposition.

Testing of hypothesis stating that personality disorders (PD) related to overvalued ideas take part in the development of reactive depressions (congruence model «personality–life event») and affect their further course and clinical prognosis.

The study included 25 subjects (5 male, 20 female). The age of patients varied extensively from 35 to 73 years (54 ± 10,6 SD). The follow-up period of reactive disorder was 4–30 years (16,6 ± 8,4 SD).

The analysis of premorbid constitutional features demonstrated a major heterogenity of overvalued personal patterns (love, jealousy, etc.) related to the catathymic affect. Clinical findings were differentiated into two groups. The catathymic component of overvalued ideas in PD patients in the first group was characterized by affective dissonance with significant others (pretensions, egocentric nature of emotional bonds, litigiousness, etc.). Catathymic complexes in the second group were defined by phenomenon of affective resonance with significant others (altruistic ideas of devotion and self-sacrifice were dominant).

The structure of catathymic complex was found to be the marker of further progression of reactive depression. The catathymic complex incorporating features of affective dissonance was a predictor of phase-like dynamics of histrionic PD (hysterical psychopathy), while catathymic complex incorporating features of affective resonance was a prognostic marker of an affective disorder.

Cognitive deficits are basic in schizophrenia. It's important to research nascent defect in schizophrenia with early onset. The decision of this problem requires multidisciplinary approach (neuropsychological, psycho-diagnostic, clinical).

Children and adolescents with emerging defect of endogenous mental disorders (18 persons, 8 girls, mean age 11.3, diagnoses: F21, F20.8 and F2x.x) were compared in IQ (WISC) and neuropsychological status (battery of Luria tests). All children were tested at hospital and got psychopharmacologic treatment. Evaluation parameters IQ (Wechsler scale) Verbal IQ score, a non-verbal IQ score, the general intellectual index(IQ). All sorts of IQ were divided into high, medium and low ones. Neuropsychological assessment parameters: dysfunction of subcortical structures, aborted hemispheric interaction, functional aborted (dysfunction) of the cortical divisions. Three-point scale corresponding to the severity of dysfunction was used in the study.

analysis of options relation of mental deficiency (IQ) and neuropsychological status in nascent defect in children and adolescents with of endogenous mental disorders.

Clustering neuropsychological assessment identified two clusters, the differences between them were related to the degree of neuropsychological deficiency. First - more expressed dysfunction, the second - less severe. Clustering IQ and neuropsychological assessment also identified two clusters. The first included patients with relatively low IQ and enough of neuropsychological deficit, and the second - with the opposite characteristics.

Complex psycho-diagnostic and neuropsychological assessment of cognitive status children and adolescents with emerging defect of endogenous mental disorders let's talk about a high degree of conformity intellectual indicators IQ and neuropsychological deficits in these patients.

Negative attitudes towards treatment hospitalization of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) exist among mental health clinicians. These attitudes could affect the treatment administered to these patients, the length of hospitalization and its cost.

To establish recommendations for health officials regarding the hospitalization and treatment of BPD patients in order to shorten the length of hospitalization of patients with BPD and improve the quality of their treatment.

A thorough examination of the attitudes towards BPD patients among four professions (psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers and nurses) in four hospitals, and of the directors of the hospitals and of several wards, so as to evaluate their policy regarding the admission and the treatment of BPD patients.

We administered questionnaires on explicit and implicit attitudes towards these patients to 710 clinicians in 4 hospitals in Israel, and interviewed the hospitals’ directors and several ward directors. We collected data on the hospitalizations of patients with BPD during the period 2009-2011 and analyzed differences on these measures between professions and hospitals.

Nurses and psychiatrists had the most negative attitudes towards these patients, and differences were noted between hospitals. While hospital D was characterized by more negative attitudes, less negative attitudes were found in hospital A, and accordingly the longer were admissions and hospitalizations’ costs in this hospital.

Nurses and psychiatrists are likely to express negative attitudes towards these patients. Possibly, the directors’ attitudes and policy influenced lengths of the hospitalizations and costs of treatment of BPD patients.

School abuse is an important problem for Ukrainian society; more than 80% of children are bullied in different ways. It is supposed that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are especially vulnerable to bullying.

We examined 58 adolescents (58.6% boys; 41.4% girls) at the age of 12 to 15 years old (M=14.21; SD=0.94) whose parents requested for medical assistance due to the bullying of their children in school.

To establish whether autism spectrum disorder is a risk factor of becoming a victim of bullying in school.

All children were examined with the use of Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised (ADI-R) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale for children (C-SSRS), Bullying Victimization Scale. The adaptive behavior level of scholars was assessed by Vineland. Diagnosis was made on DSM-4-TR criteria.

Among children who were victims of bullying: autism was diagnosed in 6 adolescents; ASD in 16; 14 had violations in social reciprocity (domain A in ADI-R), this adolescents fulfilled the criteria for ADHD; 5 children (3 girls and 2 boys) were the victims of sex abuse. Adolescents that were bullied had a high level of suicidal ideations (it was higher among girls in all age groups). Adolescents with PDD had higher suicidal ideation rating than adolescents with ADHD (p<0.001).

ASD, ADHD and sex abuse in children increasing risk to become a victim of bullying and suicidal risk in adolescents.

Autoaggression assumed as continuum from socially acceptable and even approved behavior (exhausting work, extreme sports) to the socially unacceptable. Procrastination is act of useless pulling job until subjective sensation of discomfort. Some researchers consider procrastination as form of autoagressive behavior; we understand it as psychological self-aggression (self-abasement rights, low self-esteem, self-doubt, chronic procrastination).

adaptation of questionnaire PASS (Solomon & Rothblum, 1984) on Russian-speaking population.

149 male and female, aged 18- 25, students and graduates were investigated. Questionnaire has been translated and several issues corrected in accordance with socio-cultural norms of Russia.

First part of PASS: displacement of normal distribution obtained to greater frequency of procrastination in Russian-speaking sample. Factor analysis (Varimax rotation) was applied for 2 and 3parts of PASS. Second part of PASS (causes of procrastination): significant factors: 1 -’lack of self-confidence’,’fear of failure’, 2 -’aversiveness of task’,’ laziness’ 3 -’ challenge’. Third part of PASS (procrastination and personal features) significant factors:’self -control’,’impulsivity’, «organization’,’ need for achievement’.

Comparing obtained data with original PASS method showed no significant differences in selected factors and their contributions. Planned studying procrastination (psychological self-harm) on patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders, who have a expressed personality changes, which alleged ties procrastination. Research complex: questionnaire PASS, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Warwick- Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study, modified self-esteem by Dembo-Rubinstein, color relations test.

The most obvious that could be conceived is that after an intersubjective crisis situation such as a genocide, the victims fall under a heinous dynamics and a desire of revenge against their torturers. It is thus potentially paradoxical in such a context to imaginate a harmonious bond, of deep attachment between the survivor and his attacker or his relative. However, the factual reality in the aftermath of the 1994 Rwandan genocide drama presents a different picture. Improbable families recomposed with the adoption of abandoned genocidaries children (in flight) by survivors.

Consider a healthy bond where the hatred in the trauma of the otherness seems as evidence becomes the most enigmatic paradoxes, that which comes the concepts of”hainamoration” in the trauma clinic.

The major question here is the one of the direction of this adoption for the survivors.

In other words, what whould be the real dimension of the relationship that is built between these abandoned children and the surviving victims of the destructive act of their parents ?

To understand the psychic mechanisms induced by the constraint of the Co-existance of two enemies after an intersubjective drama such as a genocid.

Consider a theoretical reflection in the service of trauma clinical and identify the paterns of the traumatic remission in such a context.

This study is based on our clinical experience in Rwanda after the 1994 genocid. The target populations here is the survivors of this genocid.

It is primarily based on psychopathology and psychoanalytic repositories from and maintains clinical observation.

’hainamoration’ as mutation and/or transformation of the primary hatred into’love’ allows the victim to better reflect and decide the fate of his trauma. From this, we reach to the second conclusion that, with the constant desire for revenge and hatred that drives the survivor, ’only love allows the enjoyment to condescend of desire’ (of this revenge).

Age-related health conditions are of great medical and social importance. Depression may occur as a result of vascular disease in a significant subpopulation of elderly persons. The mechanisms of interaction between cerebrovascular diseases and depression are widely discussed in the literature indicating a possible bidirectional relationship.

the present study is the psychiatric evaluation of elderly patients with vascular cognitive decline in terms of the diagnosis and assessment of depression.

Sixty-eight consecutive patients over 60 years of age diagnosed with vascular cognitive disorder underwent clinical psychiatric assessment and evaluation on The Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE), Hachinski Ischaemic Scale (HIS), The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17) and The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A).

Depression of mild and moderate severity was diagnosed in 28 (41.2%) of the included patients. Varying presentations of depression in older adults included somatization, minimized feelings of sadness, more anhedonia and greater cognitive dysfunction, predominantly in complex attention and executive ability. Differential diagnostic difficulties arouse from co-morbidity, leading to clinical overlap.

Although an association between a subset of late-life depression and vascular disease is clear, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the precise linkages and interactions between these conditions. An important concern is weather the cognitive impairment is temporally related to depression, or depression is an associated feature, or both should be diagnosed. We suggest depression need to be considered in the evaluation of even subtle executive dysfunctions in cerebrovascular disease patients.

Cognitive deficits at young patients (children and adolescents) with eating disorders (anorexia nervosa) aren’t investigated sufficiently. Well known that the disease has different forms in children and teenagers and is accompanied by significant changes in cognitive activity. Joint clinical and psychological qualification of cognitive disorders, personality characteristics and quality of life of children and teenagers with eating disorders hadn’t done.

Diagnostic of cognitive deficits in children and teenagers with anorexia nervosa.

Clinical group (NAG) - 28 girls aged 8-16 years old (F50; F21). The patients were investigated in a hospital. Control group (CG) 18 girls of same age never attended by a doctor on mental disorders. Tests assessing cognitive processes: memory, attention, thinking.

We have found cognitive disorders in girls with anorexia nervosa. The obtained data specifies cognitive deficits in different higher mental functions. Memory: decrease in volume voluntary memory, immediate and delayed. differences between NAG and CG were statistically significant (p <0,01). Attention (reducing the rate and efficiency in the performance tests). Thinking: a structurally unstable decline the level of generalization and certain disorders thinking on the type of distortion of the synthesis and diversity - 0.05 level of significance of differences.

This study has identified the structure of cognitive impairments (memory, thinking, attention) in children and teenagers during the acute stage of the disease. General characteristics of cognitive impairment in anorexia nervosa in children reflects primarily acute condition, and only secondarily - projective, the specifics of the disease.

Eating disorders (ED) are severe psychiatric disorders affecting mainly teenage girls and young women. There is evidence that family aspects play important role in the etiology and outcome of ED. Aspects related to the patients’ father have been poorly studied.

To understand emotional experiences and life events of father of adolescent girls diagnosed with anorexia nervosa or bulimia.

Qualitative in-depth interviews were carried out with men, fathers of adolescent girls in outpatient treatment at a southern Brazilian general hospital.

Sample was composed mostly by men who spent their childhood in the countryside. All of them had lived with their parents at least until the adolescence. Contrary to what clinicians often hear from mothers of ED patients, subjects were concerned about their daughters’ health, wished to see them overcome ED and were well informed about the disorder. They reported that one of the most important events of their lives was their daughter birth. Subjects also reported feeling of powerlessness. They tended to blame the mother for the ED emergence or maintenance, but recognized some relation between the disorder onset and a certain distance in father-daughter relationship. They recognized that their aggressive temper might have interfered with family relationships.

Findings may contribute to understand life experiences and emotional characteristics of fathers of ED adolescents and this may help to keep them motivated to the treatment. This understanding can contribute to therapists to help fathers to regain their ability to care for their daughters, getting close to them again and improving father-daughter relationship.

We hypothesized an increase in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) glutamate levels would occur after three weeks of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment and a decrease in major depressive disorder (MDD) symptoms.

We report six cases (four females) 15–21 years of age with treatment-resistant MDD. Participants had a mean age of 18.7 years (SD ±1.95) and a mean IQ of 102.3(±3.39). Short echo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was used to quantify glutamate levels in the left DLPFC (4.5 cc) before and after rTMS treatment. rTMS was localized to the left DLPFC and applied for 15 consecutive weekdays (120% RMT, 40 pulses over 4 seconds (10 Hz), inter-train interval 26 seconds, 75 trains, 3000 pulses). Treatment response was defined as a greater than 50% reduction in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores (Ham-D). 1H-MRS data was analyzed with LCModel to determine glutamate concentration.

Following rTMS, treatment responders (N=4) showed an increase (relative to baseline) in left DLPFC glutamate levels (11%), which corresponded to an improvement in depressive symptom severity (68% Ham-D score reduction). Treatment non-responders (N=2) had elevated baseline glutamate levels compared to responders in that same region, which decreased with rTMS (−10%). Procedures were generally well tolerated with no adverse events.

rTMS is feasible and possibly efficacious in adolescents with MDD. In responders, rTMS may act by Induced elevations in elevating DFPLC glutamate levels in the left DLPFC, thereby leading to symptom improvement. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Adolescent Depression (TMSAD).

Impulsivity is a frequently used explanation for acting without apparent forethought. Mood instability (MI) describes frequent repeated shifts in mood, often within a day. Both impulsivity and MI are related to depression.

We used data from the 1984/1991 British Health and Lifestyle Survey to examine relationships between MI, impulsivity, and depression.

Hypothesis: 1) both MI and impulsivity would be related to current and future depression, and 2) when MI was accounted for, impulsivity and depression would be unrelated.

Latent variables representing MI and impulsivity were derived from the Eysenck Personality Inventory neuroticism and extraversion subscales respectively, and a depression latent variable was derived from the General Health Questionnaire, by using factor analysis. Structural equation modelling was used to determine if impulsivity was related to depression after MI was accounted for.

Cross-sectionally, the correlation between impulsivity and depression (r = 0.22, p<0.001) became trivial in size (r = .05, p < .01) after the correlation between MI and impulsivity (r = 0.50, p<0.001) was removed from the structural model. Longitudinally, impulsivity no longer predicted future depression (β = −.04, p = .16) after MI was added to the structural model. These results indicate that any significant relationship between impulsivity and depression disappears when MI is considered.

The implication is that research and therapy might be more productively directed at MI instead of impulsivity.

Suicides are influenced by substance use especially the hazardous use of alcohol. This cross-sectional study in emergency setting evaluates hazardous drinking among people who attempt suicide.

1. 1. To study the prevalence of alcohol use among men who attempt suicide attending an emergency medical service at a tertiary care centre.

2. 2. To study the association between hazardous drinking and suicidal attempts among men attending emergency medical service.

3. 3. To assess the correlation between Intentionality and Lethality of suicide attempts and breath alcohol concentration levels.

4. 4. To study the association between suicidal attempt and psychosocial stress, socio-demographic variables and hazardous drinking among the men with suicidal attempt.

Patients will be screened for CIS-R, ICMR psychosocial stress scale, AUDIT, BSIS, LSARS. Correlation will be assessed between the scales. Descriptive statistics were used for all the variables in the study. Bivariate analysis were used to assess the association between lethality and pattern of alcohol use after adjusting for other factors identified in the univariate analyses.

Of the 100 men the mean age was 32 with a range (18 to 82). Of the participant 41% were daily drinker, 20% were social drinker. No association between severity of alcohol use and lethality, Beck Suicide Intention Scale, ICMR Psychosocial Stress Scale scores could be established. Among those who consumed alcohol mortality was three (4.92%).

Though there is no association between severity of alcohol use, psychopathology, stress and suicidal attempt. Recovery seems to be delayed among alcoholic group.