A perturbation model is used to predict the distance jumped by a long-jumper for a range of tailwinds and headwinds. The zeroth-order approximation is based on gravity being the only force present, the effects of drag and lift only being included in the first-order corrections. The difference in predicted distances produced by the zeroth and first-order approximations is less than 2% for headwinds or tailwinds upto 4 ms−1. Most increases or decreases due to wind are caused by changes in the run-up speed, and consequently the take-off angle and speed.

The nonlinear convection-diffusion equation has been studied for 40 years in the context of nonhysteretic water movement in unsaturated soil. We establish new similarity solutions for instantaneous sources of finite strength redistributed by nonlinear convection-diffusion obeying the dimensionless equation ∂θ/∂t = ∂ (θm ∂θ/∂z) − θm+1 ∂θ/∂z (m ≥ 0). For m = 0 (Burgers’ equation) solutions involve the error function, and for m = 1 Airy functions. Problems 1, 2, and 3 relate, respectively, to the regions 0 ≤ z ≤ ∞, –∞ ≤ z ≤ ∞, and –∞ ≤ z ≤ 0. Solutions for m = 0 have infinite tails, but for m > 0 and finite t, θ > 0 inside, and θ = 0 outside, a finite interval in z. At the slug boundary, θ(z) is tangential to the z-axis for 0 < m < 1; and it meets the axis obliquely for m = 1 and normally for m > 1. Illustrative results are presented. For Problems 1 and 2 (but not 3) finiteness of source strength sets an upper bound on Θ0, the similarity “concentration” at z = 0. The magnitude of convection relative to diffusion increases with Θ0; and apparently the dynamic equilibrium between the two processes, implied by the similarity solutions, ceases to be possible when Θ0 is large enough.

We solve the problem of finding a simultaneous matrix normal form for an element of the Lie algebra o(p, q) and the underlying indefinite inner product. The results are used to determine several classes of classical Hamiltonian dynamical systems which possess a first integral linear in the momentum variables.

This paper considers discrete multivariate processes with time-dependent rational spectral density matrices and gives a solution to the spectral factorisation problem. As a result, the corresponding state space representation for the process is obtained. The relationship between multivariate processes with time-dependent rational spectral density matrix functions and multivariate ARMA processes with time-dependent coefficients is discussed. Solutions for the prediction problem are given for the case when only finite data is available and the case when the whole history of the process is known.

New exact solutions are presented for nonlinear diffusion and convection on a finite domain 0 ≤ z ≤ 1. These solutions are developed for the conditions of constant fluxes at both boundaries z = 0 and z = 1. In particular, solutions for the flux QL at the lower boundary z = 1, being a multiple of the flux Qs at the surface z = 0, (that is QL = aQs, where a = constant), are presented. Solutions for any constant, a, are given for an initial condition which is independent of space z. For the special cases (i) a = 1, and (ii) Qs = 0 and hence QL = 0, solutions are given for an initial condition which has an arbitrary dependence on z.

A method is presented for the study of fully developed parallel flow of Newtonian viscous fluid in uniform straight ducts of very general cross-section. The method is based upon the concept of contour lines of constant velocity in a typical cross section of the duct, and uses the function which describes the contour lines as an independent variable to derive the integral momentum equation. The resulting ordinary integro-differential equation is, in principle, much easier to solve than the original momentum equation in partial differential equation form. Several illustrative examples of practical interest are included to explain the method of solution. Some of these solutions are compared with available solutions in the literature. All details are explained by graphs and tables. The method has several interesting features. The study has relevance to biomedical engineering research for blood and urinary tract flow.

The Einstein field equations have been solved for Bianchi type VI0 spacetimes with viscous fluid source. Four cosmological models are derived. They have nonzero expansion and shear. One of them have nonzero constant shear viscosity coefficient.

In this paper, we study the existence of periodic solutions of the NDDE (neutral differential difference equation):

where τ > 0 and c is a real number. We obtain a sufficient condition under which (*) has at least k nonconstant oscillatory periodic solutions.

The scattering and diffraction of harmonic SH waves by an arbitrarily shaped alluvial valley in a layered material is considered. The problem is solved in terms of boundary integral equations which yield a numerical solution.

In a paper by Teo and Jennings, a constraint transcription is used together with the concept of control parametrisation to devise a computational algorithm for solving a class of optimal control problems involving terminal and continuous state constraints of inequality type. The aim of this paper is to extend the results to a more general class of constrained optimal control problems, where the problem is also subject to terminal equality state constraints. For illustration, a numerical example is included.

We discuss uniqueness and continuation of solutions to the Cauchy problem for a two dimensional Emden-Fowler differential system.

We prove the existence and regularity of the solution of an initial boundary value problem for viscous incompressible non-homogeneous fluids, using a semi-Galerkin approximation and so-called compatibility conditions.

Extending earlier duality results for multiobjective programs, this paper defines dual problems for convex and generalised convex multiobjective programs without requiring a constraint qualification. The duals provide multiobjective extensions of the classical duals of Wolfe and Schechter and some of the more recent duals of Mond and Weir.

The problem of generation of waves in a liquid of uniform finite depth with an inertial surface composed of a thin but uniform distribution of disconnected floating particles, due to forced axisymmetric motion prescribed on the surface of an immersed vertical cylindrical wave-maker of circular cross section under the influence of surface tension at the inertial surface, is discussed. The techniques of Laplace transform in time and the modified Weber transform involving Bessel functions in the radial coordinate have been employed to obtain the velocity potential. The steady-state development to the potential function as well as the inertial surface depression due to time-harmonic forced oscillations of the wave-maker are deduced. It is found that the presence of surface tension at the inertial surface ensures the propagation of time-harmonic progressive waves of any angular frequency.