This article explores the impact of neighborhood effects on the socioeconomic integration of the inhabitants of three favelas of Salvador da Bahia. Urban research has argued that the spatial concentration of poverty adversely affects individual outcomes. Nevertheless, disagreement persists on whether contiguity between poor neighborhoods and higher-class gated communities widens opportunity structures. Examining the composition of social networks and their mobilization in the struggle for economic mobility, this study confirms that the proximity of Nordeste de Amaralina to upper-class neighborhoods improves access to labor opportunities, though mechanisms of social stratification limit these potentials. Segregation and the scarcity of economic opportunities in Plataforma foster the residents’ social isolation, whereas the socializing effects of public institutions in Fazenda Grande II mitigate the negative repercussions of poverty. The study urges a more holistic approach to urban poverty within public policies.

This article is a close reading of Salvador Elizondo’s “Grünewalda, o una fábula del infinito” (1969), a short story from the collection El retrato de Zoe y otras mentiras. Elizondo purposely mirrors in “Grünewalda” a turbulent chapter in the history of mathematics—the turn of the nineteenth century—when this discipline went through a profound crisis. The article shows how Elizondo skillfully crafts a literary version of a process of arithmetization of writing, as taken from the basics of set theory, and how this process helps to discern the level-changing operators in “Grünewalda” and in all of Elizondo’s texts. Given that mathematical knowledge is merely verbal knowledge, Grünewalda’s life and death problems are syntactic and semantic in principle. Thus, beyond ascribing his rhetoric to a metaphysical sphere, a metamathematical realm is presented as a more adequate depiction of Elizondo’s writing.

Entre o final do século XIX e o começo do século XX, surgiram no Brasil uma série de manuais com modelos de discursos para ocasiões solenes como batismos, casamentos, funerais, chegadas e despedidas, celebrações de Ano Novo e de acontecimentos históricos, entre outras cerimônias classificadas por antropólogos como ritos de passagem. O orador familiar, O orador popular, O orador do povo e O orador moderno, publicados por editoras distintas e assinados por diferentes nomes, constituíam então um novo subgênero bibliográfico de grande sucesso editorial, uma adaptação nacional para os manuais epistolares europeus. Seus autores buscavam, numa sociedade marcada por índices relativamente altos de analfabetismo, intervir no mundo da palavra falada e com isso moldar valores e comportamentos. Neste artigo, sugiro que tais obras intencionavam direcionar o processo de modernização então em curso. Por um lado, admitiam a emergência de novos grupos sociais e alguns de seus valores, bem como a integração do país à economia global. Por outro lado, reforçavam elementos da ordem social tradicional e do catolicismo oficial.

Este artículo analiza las fotografías, ensayos y diario de viaje de la exploradora inglesa Alice Dixon Le Plongeon en su paso por la Península de Yucatán durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX (1874–1885). A pesar de su trabajo pionero como exploradora y fotógrafa Chichén Itzá y Uxmal, Alice Dixon no ha formado parte hasta ahora del conjunto de viajeros y viajeras extranjeros que integran el canon multicultural y multilingüe de Latinoamérica. Este trabajo rescata la obra de Dixon prestando particular atención a la dimensión material (mobiliario, vestimenta, instrumentos domésticos y fotográficos) sobre la que se construye la experiencia y el conocimiento de la viajera como arqueóloga y fotógrafa en Yucatán. Un análisis de la presencia, circulación y reflexión de y sobre los objetos (“cosas” en la definición de Bill Brown) contribuye al estudio de la compleja relación de los viajeros con su propia identidad en viaje y con el territorio visitado, destaca el rol de la cultura material en la definición de “lo femenino” en el siglo XIX, y propone nuevos modos para aproximarse a la construcción del conocimiento científico y etnográfico en la escritura de las mujeres viajeras.

O objetivo deste trabalho será testar qual o efeito de ser eleito para um cargo público sobre o patrimônio individual. Sendo mais preciso, iremos estimar o efeito de ser eleito para o cargo de prefeito no Brasil sobre o total de bens declarados pelos candidatos no futuro. Para isso utilizaremos modelos de regressão descontínua comparando os pares de candidatos que foram eleitos e que não foram eleitos em eleições apertadas e que se reapresentaram na eleição subsequente para o mesmo cargo. Os resultados sugerem que ser eleito a um cargo público não tem efeito sobre a quantidade de bens declarada pelos candidatos. Eleitos e não eleitos em eleições acirradas apresentam um patrimônio semelhante após os primeiros exercerem o cargo de prefeito. Além disso, esse resultado não varia conforme a filiação partidária, região ou experiência política do candidato. Também não encontramos efeitos sobre o patrimônio dos familiares e nem efeitos de longo prazo.

This article contributes to discussions on capitalist transformation and impact on peripheral agriculture by focusing on the province of Santiago del Estero in northern Argentina. The concept of land grabbing is useful for qualitative analysis of the recent dynamics in the land market in this peripheral territory, where the concentration of land for agrarian use is historical but has accelerated in recent decades with the expansion of soybean cultivation. Tensions between capitalist and noncapitalist actors have been taking place within the current crisis of the world capitalist system and its expansion to marginal lands, often occupied by peasant producers with precarious tenure and different logics to that of market capitalism. The province’s history is characterized by processes of different temporalities and scales of limited capitalist transformation, agrarian land concentration, and exploitation of local populations. This article seeks to understand the overlaps and tensions in these processes.

El artículo analiza cuál es el tipo de conocimiento o verdad que se construye en el marco de un proceso penal por violaciones a los derechos humanos cometidas en un contexto dictatorial, y cómo este aporta al existente sobre los crímenes, sus víctimas y los responsables. La intención es analizar el proceso de larga duración en el que se juzgan los crímenes cometidos durante la última dictadura en Argentina (1976–1983). Particularmente, la causa penal por los delitos de la Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada (ESMA), donde funcionó uno de los más grandes centros clandestinos de detención del periodo. Se analizarán el segundo y tercer juicio de la causa (2009–2017) y la producción de conocimiento en relación a tres temas: 1) la violencia de género; 2) la división de los sobrevivientes y su utilización como mano de obra esclava; 3) los vuelos de la muerte. Se partirá del supuesto de que, si bien los crímenes cometidos en la ESMA fueron ampliamente descritos en los mecanismos transicionales del país y en materiales posteriores, los avances en las investigaciones y las condiciones de la producción de la evidencia en un proceso penal contribuyeron a que existan aportes específicos y novedosos.

On the basis of data collected by the RETTRANS survey (2011–2012) on Bolivian migrants living in Spain, this article aims to identify the influence of the 2008 economic crisis on the determinants marking the migrants’ return intention. In this regard, there is a need to incorporate the concept of double embeddedness based on migrants’ social networks (meso level), the way migration is imbricated in persons’ lives (micro level); and how, at a macro level, economic and social transformations of different contexts affect these decisions. The article highlights that unexpected changes in living conditions trigger a reconfiguration of these mixed factors that condition return intentions.

Importantes protestas laborales ocurrieron en la minería latinoamericana en la última década. Este articulo compara las movilizaciones de contratistas en Chile y Perú, analizando por qué, a pesar de varias similitudes entre países, surgieron diferencias en sus dinámicas sindicales. En el primer caso, los sindicatos perduraron en el tiempo y coordinaron a nivel nacional, mientras que en el segundo las protestas no culminaron en organizaciones sólidas o articuladas. Sobre la base de entrevistas y trabajo de archivo, argumento que es crucial entender la permanencia de los líderes sindicales y sus redes políticas en Chile, y la precariedad no sólo laboral, sino organizativa, del caso peruano.

This essay introduces the three essays in this collection, “Latin American Studies and the Humanities: One Year Later.” This collection follows our first dossier, “Latin American Studies and the Humanities: Past, Present, Future,” which was published in September 2018 (https://doi.org/10.25222/larr.521). The essays here—all written by historians—address current questions in humanistic research in Latin American and ethnic/area studies, including object-centered analysis, comparative methodologies, and archival formation and practices. Our introduction situates the essays in the dossier within three critical contexts, suggesting how new work in Latin American studies can engage with diverse scholarly paradigms, frameworks, and methodological approaches, specifically oceanic worlds and science studies, ethnic and area studies, and Latinx studies.

En Chile, desde los inicios de la república, las amnistías después de guerras civiles y conflictos violentos fueron el fundamento de la reconciliación política. La transición política iniciada en 1990 se propuso establecer la verdad sobre las violaciones de los derechos humanos cometidas durante la dictadura, reconocer y reparar a las víctimas y hacer justicia en la medida de lo posible, a pesar de la vigencia de la amnistía de 1978. En este artículo se analiza la evolución de diversas instancias del proceso de justicia transicional y la lucha contra la impunidad que es la experiencia de las víctimas de la tortura y sus familias. El caso de Haydee Oberreuter nos permite examinar las posibilidades, resultados y limitaciones de los procesos judiciales en relación con las demandas de justicia y reparación de las víctimas de tortura.

This article examines residential segregation by skin color in forty of the largest metropolitan areas in Brazil, using census tract data from the 2010 Brazilian census. Residential dissimilarity among whites, browns, and blacks is moderate to low by US standards, and residential segregation correlates positively with socioeconomic status. By contrasting our findings with results from the 1980 Brazilian census, we observe that in thirty years, residential segregation decreased significantly in many metropolitan areas, particularly white-brown and brown-black dissimilarities. We speculate as to why these changes should have occurred.

Do conditional cash transfers (CCTs) lead to increased participation in multiple political activities in Latin America? If CCTs contribute to broad political participation, how do CCTs increase participation in a wide variety of political activities? I argue that CCTs boost political participation through resource effects, and that both the cash transfers and the conditionalities play an important role in shaping political activity among beneficiaries. Using an original data set from Mexico and existing survey data from nine Latin American countries, I analyze the relationship between CCTs and political participation and examine the hypothesized pathway. The results support my argument.

América Latina es la región más afectada por la delincuencia en el mundo. Poco, sin embargo, se sabe sobre los costos sociales que esta genera. En este estudio, se emplearon seis rondas del Barómetro de las Américas (2004–2014) y el método de emparejamiento estadístico con el objetivo de estimar el costo de la victimización sobre la percepción de inseguridad, capital social y percepción de la democracia para 16 países de la región. Los resultados muestran que el costo de la victimización se expande a diversos aspectos sociales, afectando en mayor proporción a las mujeres. Además de incrementar la percepción de inseguridad y reducir la legitimidad y confianza en las instituciones encargadas de luchar contra la delincuencia, la desconfianza se desplaza a instituciones sin este rol, a terceros y afecta la propia percepción del barrio. En lo positivo, la victimización incentiva la participación en organizaciones, aunque especialmente en los grupos de menores ingresos y mayores recursos comunales.

This essay reviews the following works:

China on the Ground in Latin America: Challenges for the Chinese and Impacts on the Region. By R. Evan Ellis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Pp. ix + 291. $51.33 hardcover. ISBN: 9781137439765.

The China Triangle: Latin America’s China Boom and the Fate of the Washington Consensus. By Kevin P. Gallagher. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016. Pp. vii + 221. $27.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780190246730.

Diaspora and Trust: Cuba, Mexico and the Rise of China. By Adrian H. Hearn. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016. Pp. vi + 255. $24.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822360735.

The Changing Currents of Transpacific Integration: China, the TTP, and Beyond. Edited by Adrian H. Hearn and Margaret Myers. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2017. Pp. vii + 163. $58.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781626375642.

How China Is Reshaping the Global Economy: Development Impacts in Africa and Latin America. By Rhys Jenkins. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. Pp. ix + 407. $80.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780198738510.

Are women and men in positions of authority judged differently? If a gender evaluation gap exists, is it due to persistent stereotypes or notions of gender solidarity? We explore gender differences in judgement through a survey experiment in Argentina with a national sample of 4,068 employees. Respondents were asked to recommend a salary increase for a “bad boss” whose behavior was characterized as aggressive and at the limit of what is fair and appropriate. The survey experiment measures the extent to which respondents punish and reward female and male managers differently. The main finding is that women are more likely to punish male bad bosses, and men are more likely to punish female bad bosses. We explain variation as a function of respondents’ social and personal networks. Study findings carry significant implications for the study of the gender pay gap.

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have spread rapidly around the world since the 1990s. In the Americas, the proliferation of trade agreements with countries from within and beyond the region have resulted in a “spaghetti bowl” of overlapping rules and regulations, some of which address behind-the-border issues such as investment, competition, labor, and environmental standards. Earlier research has linked trade agreements to increased foreign investment inflows. This article argues instead that the effects of PTAs on FDI depend on the domestic institutional capacities of member countries. Domestic institutions condition the benefits and effectiveness of PTAs by influencing governments’ external credibility as well as their ability to implement the agreements they sign. The empirical findings show that weak state capacity exacerbates the spaghetti-bowl effects of multiple, overlapping agreements. Moreover, it is not the quantity but the quality, and more specifically, the depth of trade agreements that matters for attracting FDI.

This essay reviews the following works:

Rebelocracy: Social Order in the Colombian Civil War. By Ana Arjona. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Pp. xxii + 401. $33.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781107571594.

Rivalry and Revenge: The Politics of Violence during Civil War. By Laia Balcells. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 285. $29.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781107548213.

Resisting War: How Communities Protect Themselves. By Oliver Kaplan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. xi + 360. $34.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781316612446.

Electing Peace: From Civil Conflict to Political Participation. By Aila Matanock. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. vii + 320. $34.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781316638811.

Mourning Remains: State Atrocity, Exhumations, and Governing the Disappeared in Peru’s Postwar Andes. By Isaias Rojas-Perez. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 330. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781503602625.

Politics after Violence: Legacies of the Shining Path Conflict in Peru. Edited by Hillel David Soifer and Alberto Vergara. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2019. Pp. x + 373. $45.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781477317310.

Democracy and Displacement in Colombia’s Civil War. By Abbey Steele. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 264. $49.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781501713736.

Citizens of Memory: Affect, Representation, and Human Rights in Postdictatorship Argentina. By Silvia R. Tandeciarz. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 304. $120.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781611488456.

This essay reviews the following works:

Centroamérica: Filibusteros, estados, imperios y memorias. By Víctor Hugo Acuña. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Costa Rica, 2014. Pp. xv + 151. $5.99 paperback. ISBN: 9789968684408.

I Ask for Justice: Maya Women, Dictators, and Crime in Guatemala, 1898–1944. By David Carey Jr. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2013. Pp. xxv + 335. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780292748682.

A Camera in the Garden of Eden: The Self-Forging of a Banana Republic. By Kevin Coleman. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016. Pp. 312. $27.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781477308554.

Empire by Invitation: William Walker and Manifest Destiny in Central America. By Michel Gobat. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018. Pp. 367. $39.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780674737495.

Solidarity under Siege: The Salvadoran Labor Movement, 1970–1990. By Jeffrey L. Gould. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xviii + 262. $29.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781108410199.

Banana Cowboys: The United Fruit Company and the Culture of Corporate Colonialism. By James W. Martin. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2018. Pp. x + 252. $58.10 hardcover. ISBN: 9780826359421.

Breve historia de Centroamérica, 5th ed. By Héctor Pérez Brignoli. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2018. Pp. 352. ISBN: 9788491811923.

El laberinto centroamericano: Los hilos de la historia. By Héctor Pérez Brignoli. San José, Costa Rica: Centro de Investigaciones Históricas de América Central, 2017. Pp. x + 163. $4.40 paperback. ISBN: 9789968919326.

Las luchas de los trabajadores hondureños organizados (1880–1993). By Mario Posas. Tegucigalpa: Editorial Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, 2017. Pp. 523. ISBN: 9789992632987.

Historia de las desigualdades sociales en América Central: Una visión interdisciplinaria, siglos XVIII–XXI. Edited by Ronny Viales y David Díaz. San José, Costa Rica: Centro de Investigaciones Históricas de América Central, 2016. Pp. xix + 634. $8.79 paperback. ISBN: 9789968919241.