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This book provides the first detailed analysis of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and awards in civil and commercial matters from a transnational perspective. This perspective facilitates greater understanding of the present state of recognition and enforcement and offers insight into the establishment and operation of key modern instruments. This book represents a timely contribution, as instruments harmonising and promoting recognition and enforcement are increasingly being considered and implemented internationally. Many countries have recently reiterated their commitment to improving access to justice and have indicated an intention to sign one or both of the treaties designed to harmonise and promote recognition and enforcement of civil and commercial judgments internationally: the 2005 Choice of Court Convention or the 2019 Judgments Convention. This book is an essential resource for policymakers, scholars, and intergovernmental organisations to understand the nature and origin of recognition and enforcement approaches, as well as their application, interpretation, and future directions.
The Schwartz theory of personal values has been used extensively, and almost exclusively quantitatively, by researchers to increase understanding of the impact of values on human behaviour. While it provides a well-tested methodology and common language, the approach has been limited by its reliance on survey work, in which the researcher asks participants questions of interest, and then correlates these with respondents’ self-reporting of their values. There is limited qualitative work that has drawn on the insights of the Schwartz theory. The main exception is based on a lexicon of values words derived from Schwartz’s work which has been used to identify dominant societal values across time. We are proposing that the Schwartz theory can also be used to analyse values appeals in persuasive speech. Using thematic analysis of an example of political persuasion, we illustrate how Schwartz’s values work can be further adapted for qualitative research.
Black women who seek and win elected office are changing the political landscape in the Americas. In Latin America, this shift became widely recognized when Epsy Campbell Barr became the first Black woman vice president in Costa Rica in 2018. Her election builds on the work of three generations of women whose engagement in formal politics is rooted in their intertwined identities as Black, women, and of West Indian descent. By recovering a racialized, gendered, and ethnicized lineage of community activism, relationships, and networking—which I call “Little’s links” to honor the legacy of the writer and activist Eulalia Bernard Little—I argue that in Costa Rica, Caribbean identity and Black motherhood politics have influenced Black women’s engagement in national politics. This account of these other (and mothers’) political routes to state power for Afro-Caribbean women in Costa Rica complements current explanations of Black women’s participation in national politics elsewhere.
La historia de la literatura universal contiene capítulos latinoamericanos vitales, como el del boom. La universalidad y la posibilidad de trascender lo nacional son recursos distribuidos inequitativamente, como argumentará este artículo en discusión con trabajos que decretan la democratización de la literatura. Este artículo analiza las condiciones que hacen posible la circulación latinoamericana del escritor argentino César Aira mediante la reconstrucción de las ediciones de sus libros en México, central para la edición en castellano. Este análisis, en primer lugar, complejiza la polarización del campo editorial; en segundo, indaga en los modos como editoriales distintas responden a la concentración y extranjerización; en tercero, produce conocimiento sobre un escritor con creciente prestigio internacional; y por último, sostiene la productividad metodológica de las trayectorias editoriales de escritores. Se propone que las editoriales son centrales para estudiar los lazos regionales e hipotetiza que las editoriales medianas que apuestan por catálogos de literatura latinoamericana a largo plazo parecen empresas improbables.
El objetivo de este trabajo es cuantificar la relación negativa entre actividad económica y la contención de la COVID-19 mediante la implementación de intervenciones no farmacéuticas en Paraguay. Para esto, calibramos el modelo desarrollado por Eichenbaum, Rebelo y Trabandt con datos de Paraguay. Utilizamos el modelo para simular la trayectoria de la actividad económica, dados distintos escenarios de infección. Consideramos tres casos de estudio. En el primero, consideramos una flexibilización de las medidas de intervención no farmacéuticas aún vigentes. En el segundo, estudiamos el impacto económico de contener una aceleración de la infección. En el tercer caso, analizamos una reducción de la infección y su efecto en la economía. Mediante el estudio de estos casos obtenemos una aproximación del costo económico de contener la infección.
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el Foro Nacional de Agricultura Familiar como dispositivo estatal de participación y encuadramiento de los sujetos subalternos rural-agrarios en Argentina. Para ello, retomamos los estudios y debates nacionales e internacionales sobre comportamiento y participación política en áreas rurales. Luego, desde un enfoque etnográfico, analizamos las tramas organizacionales y el proceso de configuración de este dispositivo describiendo las diferentes perspectivas de los agentes involucrados: funcionarios políticos, agentes estatales y dirigentes. Como resultado, elaboramos una tipología de organizaciones a partir de analizar la estructura y el volumen del capital de sus agentes.
O artigo examina a ascensão e a queda da empresa Engesa-Engenheiros Especializados, especialmente entre 1974 e 1990. O artigo é resultado de pesquisa com fontes documentais recentemente desclassificadas pelo Arquivo Nacional. A documentação consultada sugere que, na fase de ascensão, a Engesa foi impulsionada por uma eficiente vinculação entre indústria de defesa, exportação de armamento e política externa brasileira, principalmente durante os governos burocrático-autoritários de Ernesto Geisel e João Figueiredo. Entretanto, fragilidades financeiras e administrativas, junto a uma infrutuosa e dispendiosa tentativa de salto tecnológico, acabaram colocando a empresa em uma situação insustentável, conduzindo finalmente à sua queda e falência no início da década de 1990. A experiência da Engesa constitui um exemplo significativo nas pesquisas sobre inovação tecnológica, estudos estratégicos e relações internacionais.
Durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, el diario Crítica fue uno de los espacios más relevantes de difusión y afianzamiento de la noticia policial en Argentina. Fue, al mismo tiempo, el medio periodístico que mayor relevancia otorgó a la situación de los presos en las cárceles locales. Este artículo parte de la hipótesis de que la prensa, medio con el cual la literatura policial se encuentra indefectiblemente ligada, no solo se ha constituido en muchos casos como el primer soporte de circulación de numerosos relatos y novelas del género, sino que además fue un espacio de construcción y consolidación de las representaciones y procedimientos implementados en las historias del crimen. A partir de esto se propone, en primer lugar, identificar los rasgos escriturarios en los que se hace evidente una combinación de componentes referenciales y ficcionales en un conjunto de notas carcelarias publicadas por entregas en Crítica entre 1922 y 1933. Y, en segundo lugar, analizar los modos en que, desde su misma materialidad y visualidad, Crítica montó y expuso estos artículos en el espacio impreso.
Do parties relegate female ministers to portfolios that are politically less important for them? This research note contributes to this debate and examines whether the issue salience of parties for specific policy areas has an effect on the nomination of a female minister. Previous theoretical work assumes that party leaders will be more likely to select men for those portfolios that are highly salient for the party. To test this assumption empirically, the paper analyzes the appointment of women cabinet members in the German states between 2006 and 2021. Notably, the findings contradict the theoretical expectations as well as previous empirical results from a cross-national study: On the German sub-national level the nomination of a female minister is more likely if the respective portfolio is highly salient for the governing party. Parties and their policy-preferences seem to be an important factor in explaining the share of women in sub-national cabinets.
This book offers a unique insight into the inner workings of international courts and tribunals. Combining the rigour of the essay and the creativity of the novel, Tommaso Soave narrates the invisible practices and interactions that make up the dispute settlement process, from the filing of the initial complaint to the issuance of the final decision. At each step, the book unravels the myriad activities of the legal experts running the international judiciary – judges, arbitrators, agents, counsel, advisors, bureaucrats, and specialized academics – and reveals their pervasive power in the process. The cooperation and competition among these inner circles of professionals lie at the heart of international judicial decisions. By shedding light on these social dynamics, Soave takes the reader on a journey through the lives, ambitions, and preoccupations of the everyday makers of international law.
In Complexity Economics for Environmental Governance, Jean-François Mercure reframes environmental policy and provides a rigorous methodology necessary to tackle the complexity of environmental policy and the transition to sustainability. The book offers a detailed account of the deficiencies of environmental economics and then develops a theory of innovation and macroeconomics based on complexity theory. It also develops a new foundation for evidence-based policy-making using a Risk-Opportunity Analysis applied to the sustainability transition. This multidisciplinary work was developed in partnership with prominent natural scientists and economists as well as active policy-makers with the aim to revolutionize thinking in the face of the full complexity of the sustainability transition, and to show how it can best be governed to minimize its distributional impacts. The book should be read by academics and policy-makers seeking new ways to think about environmental policy-making.
The book serves as a companion to three other volumes published by Cambridge University Press, dealing respectively with the jus ad bellum, the law of belligerent occupation, and non-international armed conflicts. It is devoted to the core of the jus in bello - that is, the conduct of hostilities on land, at sea and in the air in inter-State armed conflicts - analyzed against the background of customary international law and treaties in force. The book deals with both means and methods of modern warfare. It addresses issues of general non-combatant protection, the principle of proportionality in collateral damage to civilians, and special protection, especially of the environment and cultural property. It also considers the relevant dimensions of international criminal law and deals with controversial matters such as unlawful combatancy, direct participation of civilians in hostilities and the use of 'human shields'. Case law and legal literature are cited throughout.
Laws relevant to discrete sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are underenforced. This applies, for instance, to laws applicable to deforestation and to those regulating some conduct related to the extraction or use of fossil fuels. Accordingly, law enforcement agencies and the judiciary do not contribute their full potential when it comes to addressing the climate crisis. Recent developments in ICT and other related sociological developments enable coordinated action by investigative NGOs, expert organizations, and private citizens to effectively support climate-relevant law enforcement and judicial action. The Center for Climate Crime Analysis (CCCA) is a group of prosecutors aiming to harness the collective potential of investigative NGOs and experts to support judicial climate action. By collecting and analyzing relevant information in collaboration with a broad and diverse network of partners and by strategically sharing that information with the competent law enforcement authorities or advocacy organizations, CCCA aims to trigger and support judicial actions against illegal activities related to climate change. This article illustrates the practical application of the proposed solution through a case study that addresses illegal deforestation through judicial climate action.
How do sequences of upward and downward socioeconomic mobility influence political views among those who have “risen” or “fallen” during periods of leftist governance? While existing studies identify a range of factors, long-term mobility trajectories have been largely unexplored. The question has particular salience in contemporary Brazil, where, after a decade of extraordinary poverty reduction on the watch of the leftist Workers’ Party (PT), a subsequent period of economic and political crises intensified anti-PT sentiment. This article uses original data from the 2016 Brazil’s Once-Rising Poor (BORP) Survey, using a 3-city sample of 822 poor and working-class Brazilians to analyze the relationship between retrospective assessments of prior socioeconomic mobility and anti-PT sentiment. The study found that people who reported a “stalled” mobility sequence (upward mobility followed by static or downward mobility) were more likely to harbor anti-left sentiment than other groups, as measured by this study’s anti-PT index.
Most high-profile climate change litigation against major fossil fuel companies have yet to be decided. These cases are legally difficult, insofar as they face several procedural and substantive doctrinal hurdles. Yet, even before litigants get to a trial on the merits and an eventual judgement, they use the cases to influence different audiences. This chapter considers the key characteristics of high-profile climate litigation brought against Carbon Majors, using a temporal framing that characterizes cases by whether (1) they look into the past (liability cases) or (2) they focus on the present and the future (fraud claims, disclosure claims, and human rights procedures). This chapter then introduces a discussion on how to assess some of the direct and indirect regulatory and financial impacts of such cases. Focusing on the indirect financial impacts, this chapter suggests that event studies could be applied to assess the potential impact of climate litigation on the stock prices of defendant companies.