The principal challenge here is simply to get used to the breadboard and the way to connect instruments to it. We do not expect you to find Ohm’s law surprising. Try to build your circuit on the breadboard, not in the air. Novices often begin by suspending a resistor between the jaws of alligator clips that run to power supply and meters. Try to do better: plug the two leads of the DUT (“Device Under Test”) into the plastic breadboard strip.

This problem is very similar to one done with slightly different numbers in AoE §9.4.1A.

Available at https://LAoE.link/LAoE_Chapter_15O.pdf.

Now things get a little more complicated, and more interesting, as we meet frequency-dependent circuits. We rely on the capacitor (or just “cap”) to implement this new trick, which depends on the capacitor’s ability to “remember” its recent history.

Then the remainder of the lab is given to trying applications for the so-called analog switch or transmission gate: a switch that can pass a signal in either direction, doing a good job of approximating a mechanical switch – or, more precisely, the electromechanical switch called a relay.

This chapter deals with the application of structural reliability theory in the field of ship structural analysis and design. Sources of uncertainty in the marine environment are discussed, followed by the probability theory dealing with combined loads (still-water bending and wave-induced bending). Three applications of reliability theory are then presented: the development of the IACS reliability-based code for the strength of oil tankers, a comparison of ships designed before and after the introduction of the IACS Common Structural Rules and lastly the risk-based structural design of an oil tanker.

In this lab you start by building both synchronous and ripple counters out of discrete flip-flops. You then move up from the modest “divide-by-four” to an 8-bit “fully synchronous” counter.

In this chapter the probabilistic modelling of hull girder primary loading and response are presented. In the first part the probabilistic modelling of the sea environment is described. The nature of the sea surface is described in qualitative terms, following which the short-term description is presented. Deterministic modelling is discussed and statistics descriptors of ocean wave records defined. The concept of the wave spectrum is introduced and spectra for moderate and rough sea states described and differentiated, as well as wave spectra for ship design. Ship response to wave loading is discussed. The importance of linear response is underlined and structural considerations described. The basis of extreme value theory is presented and the Fisher-Tippett-Gnedenko theorem is introduced. Extreme as well as combined loads in short-term seas are described. Long-term analysis of sea loads is considered next. Differences with short-term analysis are mentioned and the use of full-scale measurements at sea described. The statistical description of a critical wave height is described using firstly the return period, and probability of occurrence method and secondly the wave height and period approach (scatter diagram). Two methods used to conduct long-term analysis of sea states are described: the long-term cumulative distribution (LTCD) method and the simulation method.

Available at https://LAoE.link/LAoE_Chapter_22O.pdf.

Hull girder vibration is treated in this chapter using mathematical methods (differential equation and energy approach). In the first part elementary vibration theory is presented, progressing from the SDOF system to the undamped vibration of the Timoshenko beam. The energy approach to vibration is presented next. In the next part ship vibration is presented. The types of vibration encountered in ships are discussed and classified, following which the distinguishing features of ship vibration compared to that of a uniform beam are presented. These relate to structural layout, design and operational aspects and the marine environment (added mass effect). In the next section vibration arising from steady-state excitation is described. This concerns vertical, horizontal and torsional vibration. Expressions for natural frequencies in each mode are given. In the case of vertical vibration the differential equations of vibration of a ship hull girder are obtained and expressions for natural frequency included in various publications compared. The differential equations of coupled vertical and horizontal vibration are obtained and springing is discussed. Vibration arising from transient loading is discussed and includes slam-induced whipping and whipping induced by bow flare impact.

1O.1 Solderless breadboards

All the programs we have created so far follow the Arduino model of a set of initialization functions that execute once (akin to Arduino setup()) followed by a while(1) loop that executes forever (like the Arduino loop() function).

The Digital Project Lab is an open-ended two day lab session that gives you the opportunity to design and build something of moderate complexity using the WebFPGA and any of the components and techniques we have discussed in the course so far.