Ballism is defined as a movement disorder characterized by involuntary, forceful, flinging, high-amplitude “throwing” movements. Ballism is often accompanied by choreatic movements, the latter being more distal whereas ballism describes the proximal movements. With time, the proximal ballistic movements may become less pronounced, and the distal choreatic movements predominate. Ballism increases with action and is absent during sleep. The movements can be so violent that patients injure themselves. Ballism usually affects one side of the body, and it is then referred to as hemiballism. Older terms are hardly ever used anymore – that is, monoballism if only one limb is affected, biballism if both extremities on one side of the body but not the head or face are affected, or paraballism if both sides of the body are affected.

This study examines English Medium Instruction (EMI) teacher identities in two Colombian universities within the context of the country's linguistic diversity and sociopolitical shifts. It highlights the educational preference for English over indigenous languages and the contentious introduction of EMI and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). The research focuses on the identity (re)configurations of EMI educators within this evolving landscape, influenced by both personal and broader sociopolitical factors. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the study examines seven professors across disciplines to capture their experiences with EMI. The findings underscore the complexity of EMI teacher identity (EMITI), which intersects language, discipline, context, and pedagogy. The ROAD-MAPPING framework facilitates an exploration of these identities, highlighting the critical role of teacher agency in EMI settings. The research illuminates how EMI teachers navigate their roles amid global and local pressures, disciplinary demands, and the linguistic aspects of EMI. This study enriches the understanding of language policy, teacher identity, and educational practices in multilingual higher education contexts.

The framework of Construction Grammar extends naturally to morphology. Constructions in a lexicon–grammar continuum elegantly capture the regularities and idiosyncrasies that typically co-occur in complex words. Yet, Construction Morphology is not just Construction Grammar applied to morphology. Morphological phenomena come with their own challenges and place specific demands on the theory. This chapter outlines the contributions that a constructionist approach to morphology makes to constructionist thinking more broadly. The focus is on two construction-based approaches: Construction Morphology and Relational Morphology. Three topics are highlighted especially. First, idiomaticity and other types of non-compositionality are discussed in the context of the relations within and across morphological constructions. Second, the chapter addresses productivity, specifically limited productivity as is often seen in word-formation. The third topic is paradigmaticity and the role of ‘horizontal’ connections between complex words and between morphological schemas. The chapter aims to show that morphology, the grammar of words, is instructive for the larger theoretical framework.

In the conclusion, I bring the components of the book together, arguing that the findings in each chapter relate to a broad framework that explains the social functions and meanings of public spaces. I discuss how perceptions of self and others, in both the economic and cultural senses, act as essential components of urban experience. Through these discussions, this concluding chapter lays out the opportunities and limits of studying public spaces as a means of understanding social relations in changing urban contexts, and it suggests potential paths for future research.

All the critical twiddle-twaddle about style and form, all this pseudo-scientific classifying and analysing of books in an imitation-botanical fashion, is mere impertinence and mostly dull jargon.’ The first thing to say is that Lawrence’s protest deserves honest respect. If one had to make an exclusive choice between that version of ’criticism’ which confines itself to the technical and the typical, and a kind that sees as its task assessment of particulars unfettered by reference, even, to types and to any sort of technical consideration: if one must choose, one must choose the latter. Comparative inarticulacy is preferable to a decreative sophistication. And the second thing to say is that we need not make such a choice. Our ability to confront literature fruitfully - to be creative - requires articulacy; and true articulacy requires the direction of the recreative mind. But must articulacy imply classification and analysis?

Sleep–wake disturbances belong to the most frequent non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. They encompass insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, different forms of parasomnias, sleep-related breathing disorders, restless legs syndrome, and circadian sleep–wake disorders. All of these sleep–wake disorders have the potential to severely impact the quality of life of patients and their bedpartners, and some of them not only get more frequent with longer disease duration, but may even precede motor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease. Isolated REM sleep behavior disorder in particular is a specific biomarker heralding synuclein-related neurodegenerative disease. Although very common, both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for Parkinson-related sleep–wake disorders are still under evaluation. This chapter discusses the current knowledge on the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of Parkinson-related sleep–wake disorders, and contributes a clinical guide on how to diagnose and treat them.

Inasmuch as all imagery embodies the temporary displacement of the terminology ’at issue’ in favour of ’extraneous’ terminology, all imagery embodies a deviation from the terminological norm, albeit a familiar kind of deviation. Metaphor alone has the distinction of achieving this deviation through a simultaneous departure from the normal usage of the language as a whole. This, as is well known, is precisely what the so-called ’dead’ or ’faded’ or ’linguistic’ metaphor does not do. Tree in a family tree, for instance, is a ’dead metaphor’ and involves no departure from normal usage.