Dispute settlement is at the heart of trade agreements in the twenty-first century. As rules have proliferated, the importance of enforcement has likewise grown. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the focus in trade agreements was state-to-state dispute settlement where one state would bring an action against another for the latter’s breach of the agreement. In recent years, however, the role and design of dispute settlement mechanisms have begun to evolve. This chapter examines that evolution and its future direction. It begins by reviewing recent innovations and the disputes that have arisen under those mechanisms. Next, it studies how these trends have highlighted additional areas for study in the areas of procedures, institutions, and remedies. Finally, the chapter turns to the purpose of dispute settlement mechanisms in trade agreements and argues that the future of dispute settlement is multipurpose and multi-optional.

Natural systems learn to predict by implicitly learning from repeated pairings of two or more stimuli and events. Associative learning refers to a group of theories of knowledge acquisition that is based on the predictive relationships between two or more items or events. In its most basic form associative learning is the claim that a second item, or event, becomes linked to a first item, or event, as a consequence of repeated pairings. Associative learning theories are intended to apply across a wide range of species, stimuli, and modalities and hence have the potential to provide an overarching and unifying framework for the predictive mind and its evolutionary origins. These learning theories moreover suggest that future-oriented behavior can arise from simple learning principles.

Technical barriers to trade (TBT) and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures make up the core of non-tariff measures (NTMs) both within the multilateral trade policy regime, administrated by the World Trade Organization (WTO), and within the preferential trade policy regime, represented by preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Technical barriers to trade and SPS provisions have been present in PTAs since the mid-1950s and have grown in importance since the WTO TBT and SPS Agreements entered into force in 1995. This chapter assesses TBT and SPS measures in selected PTAs and outlines likely trends. The first section focuses on the design and evolution of TBT and SPS measures present in three recent mega-regional PTAs: the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA), the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). The second section examines likely trends in the development and application of TBT and SPS provisions in PTAs with the expectation that some of these provisions will eventually be multilateralised.

Months later, Harry has changed his mind. He found that his drug use started to affect important parts of his life. His academic performance dropped further, and cannabis made him increasingly paranoid. With support, he has stopped using drugs completely, although he has not ruled out trying them again in the future. He has needed to change some of his friends but seems happier for this. The paranoia has improved, and he is able to study again.

This chapter develops an analysis of long-distance passives in German according to which these constructions basically emerge from the co-occurrence of passivization and restructuring in the language. In Chapters 3 and 4, I have argued that passivization and restructuring both involve an operation of structure removal in the course of the derivation – of an external argument DP in the first case, and of CP and TP layers of an infinitive in the second case. The null hypothesis that is pursued in this chapter against this background is that a combination of the two structure removal operations essentially gives rise to the intricate properties of long-distance passives in German. A core feature of the analysis is that it does not involve any long-distance relation at any point; argument demotion, case assignment, and morphological realization as passive all take place extremely locally. Another basic property of the new approach, which sets it apart from other analyses, is that all DP arguments selected by the verbs involved (including in particular external arguments in the embedded and matrix domains) can be assumed to be structurally represented at some point of the derivation; among other things, this accounts for the absence of control shift.

This chapter lays out the book’s central argument and theoretical framework: The enduring gender gap in political ambition results from long-standing patterns of traditional socialization that persist in US culture. More specifically, traditional family role orientations, in which women assume the majority of household and childcare responsibilities, lead many women to conclude that entering politics would restrict their ability to fulfill existing personal and professional obligations. A masculinized ethos in political organizations and institutions that have always been controlled by men continues to promote men’s, not women’s, full participation in the political arena. And a gendered psyche imbues many women with a sense of doubt as to their ability to compete in the electoral sphere. Thus, the enduring effects of traditional gender socialization that transcend all generations pose serious obstacles for true gender equality.

• Adolescence is the period between the onset of puberty and the point at which adult roles are assumed and involves rapid physical, psychological and social change.

• In adolescence, learning takes place as the brain establishes neural networks. These networks are constantly modified by new experiences.

• The adolescent brain develops in stages. One of the last areas to develop are the frontal lobes, the part of the brain responsible for decision-making and assessing risk.

• Just when the adolescent brain is at this delicate developmental phase, it is also most impulsive and drug use is most likely.

• Drug use in adolescence disrupts brain development, which can lead to long-term damage to brain function and increase the risk of further drug use.

• Many adolescents are surprisingly poorly informed about drugs, their effects and the harms they can cause.

• Adolescents tend to seek information about drugs from the internet or friends.

• Accurate information is available and should be highlighted to adolescents.