In choosing among alternative wildlife management techniques, trade-offs between animal welfare and conservation, utility or economics are often apparent. This paper reviews the roles of science, scientists, regulators and educators in attempts to overcome this inter-dependence and to make simultaneous progress on all fronts. Illustrations are drawn in particular from trapping and pest population control. Against the real progress that can undoubtedly be made through scientific study, there is a regrettable lack of structure because of poor philosophical and logical coherence within the welfare movement.

Introduction. Small-scale bananaproducers in Tanzania are facing constraints caused by the destructiveactivities of the banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar).Many currently used methods of addressing the problem are ineffective ortoo expensive for local farmers to implement. Materials and methods.A combination of two integrated pest management (IPM) tools (regulartrapping in combination with field sanitation) was tested at twofarmer-managed sites (Bujela and Kyimo) and one researcher-managedsite (SUA-Morogoro). Treated areas were surrounded by untreatedcontrol areas where no trapping and limited sanitation was done.Changes in population densities were estimated by the mark-recaptureprocedure and the Lincoln index. Results and discussion. Aftereight months, weevil populations in the cleaned and trapped areashad been reduced by 33% (Bujela), 33% (Kyimo) and 74% (SUA). Thechange in population sizes in the control areas differed greatly,possibly due to discrepancies in field management between farmers’ andresearchers’ practice. Trap types, areas and sites affected thenumber of weevils captured. Disc-on-stump (DOS) traps captured moreweevils than corm disc (CD) and pseudostem (PS) traps. Weevils respondedmore strongly to traps in the clean area at SUA compared with theother two sites, probably because the more rigid sanitation practicesat SUA meant that volatiles from the traps were less likely to bemasked by volatiles from surrounding residues. Conclusion.Regular trapping with field sanitation can greatly reduce populationsof banana weevils, but strict adherence to method execution is requiredin order to gain favourable results.

A main concern of farmers worldwide is how to reduce crop losses to wildlife. Some potentially lethal crop protection methods are non-selective. It is important to understand the impact of such methods on species of conservation concern. Uganda has important populations of Endangered eastern chimpanzees Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. Farmers sometimes use large metal mantraps to guard their fields against crop-raiding wildlife, particularly baboons Papio anubis and wild pigs Potamochoerus sp.. Chimpanzees that range onto farmland also step in these illegal devices and without rapid veterinary invention face severe injury or eventual death. Unlike inadvertent snaring of great apes in African forests, the problem of mantraps in forest–farm ecotones has received little attention. We report 10 cases of entrapped chimpanzees in the cultivated landscape surrounding Uganda's Budongo Forest during 2007–2011, undoubtedly only a portion of the actual number of cases. Mantraps currently present a substantial threat to ape populations in this important conservation landscape. Our data underscore the need for conservation programmes to consider the techniques used by rural farmers to protect their livelihoods from wild animals.

Introduction. Un inventaire des espèces de Tephritidae dans des vergers de l’ouest du Burkina Faso a été effectué entre décembre 2007 et décembre 2009. Matériel et méthodes. Un piégeage de détection a été mené dans sept vergers de manguiers en utilisant comme appât de la levure de Torula placée dans des pièges Mac Phail. Résultats et discussion. L’identification et le dénombrement des Tephritidae capturées a permis de recenser 18 espèces : neuf du genre Ceratitis, sept du genre Dacus et deux du genre Bactrocera. Ceratitis cosyra et Bactrocera invadens (respectivement 53,02 % et 36,19 % de l’ensemble des captures) se sont révélées être les espèces dominantes. Nous avons mis en évidence une forte similarité des communautés de Tephritidae au niveau des différents sites étudiés (coefficients de similitude entre 42,86 % et 100 %); cette similarité pourrait être expliquée d’une part par l’homogénéité des conditions climatiques, d’autre part par celle de la végétation de la zone d’étude. La proximité des parcelles de cultures maraîchères et la diversité des fruitiers locaux hôtes des Tephritidae autour des vergers de manguiers pourraient être à l’origine de la richesse spécifique élevée que nous avons constatée. Conclusion. Notre étude a révélé une diversité de Tephritidae dans la zone d’investigation qui présente des communautés d’espèces homogènes. Ces résultats seront complétés par l’identification des espèces associées aux dégâts sur manguier et à l’évaluation de leur importance. Ils suggèrent dès à présent la possibilité de développer, contre ces ravageurs, une stratégie de lutte commune à toutes les localités de la zone d’étude de l’ouest du Burkina Faso.

Introduction. Fruit flies contribute significantly to yield losses experienced by citrus farmers in Nigeria. The majority of farmers have meager resources and limited knowledge of appropriate citrus pest management strategies. The best alternative for them is the application of control methods that are environmentally friendly and affordable. Our work was therefore designed to develop baits from a cheap source for monitoring fruit fly populations and controlling them while minimizing environmental hazards. Materials and methods. Protein bait prepared locally from brewery yeast waste by the process of heat autolysis was compared with the imported protein hydrolysate bait in McPhail traps. These traps were hung on the trees of four sweet orange varieties during the major citrus fruiting seasons of 2003 and 2004. Results. Species of Ceratitis dominated in the fruit fly samples collected. Both the imported and locally made baits caught significantly higher numbers of fruit flies than the non-baited control. There was no significant difference between the populations of fruit flies caught by the two baits during the studies. The decreasing order of varieties according to trapped fruit fly numbers for both the imported and locally made baits were: Washington navel > Parson Brown > Valencia late > Agege-1. The fruit fly numbers observed on Washington navel were significantly higher than those of Agege-1 and Valencia late. Discussion. Our results show the effectiveness of the locally made protein bait in fruit fly monitoring and management. Varietal differences also played a part in determining the extent of fruit fly attacks on sweet oranges.

Introduction. Fruit fly attack on citrus causes economic yield losses in Nigeria. The high demand for sweet oranges in recent times necessitates the need to develop control strategies that can reduce fruit fly damage and ameliorate yield. This can be achieved by identifying the diversity, abundance and spread of major sweet orange fruit flies. Materials and methods. Surveys were conducted during the citrus fruit maturity periods of 2003 and 2006 in citrus-producing areas of Nigeria. Owners of the sampled orchards were interviewed on their cultural practices that could contribute to fruit fly abundance and spread. The fruit flies were sampled by using two types of trap; namely, the McPhail® trap with yeast hydrolysate bait and the yellow sticky trap impregnated with ammonium acetate. The traps were hung on the citrus trees at a distance of 1.8 m from the ground. The distance between trees was 25 m and the traps were replicated three times per site. Results and discussion. Fruit flies identified on citrus belonged to the genera Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Dacus and Trirhithrum. While higher fruit fly diversity was observed in Edo, Ogun and Oyo states in the rainforest ecological zone, relatively higher populations of major genera (Bactrocera and Ceratitis) were recorded in Benue and Kaduna states in the Guinea savanna ecological zone. Bactrocera species occurrence increased during the second sampling period. Some farmers’ cultural practices were implicated as factors likely to have contributed to fruit fly abundance and spread. Conclusion. Fruit fly species of economic importance to citrus in Nigeria belonged to the genera Ceratitis and Bactrocera species. These genera were observed in the majority of surveyed areas.

Introduction. In Mali, mango annual production is estimated at 100 000 t. Because of structural and plant sanitary problems mainly related to the actions of fruit fly, seldom more than 1% of this production is exported. The principal aim of this study was to develop an integrated control of the Tephritidae using spot treatments. One of the preconditions was to identify the species responsible for the damage in the three principal Mali production zones (Sikasso, Bougouni and Bamako). Materials and methods. Mangos belonging to the principal exported varieties were collected from the beginning of April up to the beginning of October 2000 and were observed to identify the Tephritidae species present in the fruits. The installation of sex attractant or of foodstuff attractant traps allowed us to follow the evolution and constitution of the fruit fly population in the orchards of the three selected sites. The effectiveness of a spot treatment to control Ceratitis sp. was tested. Results and discussion. Starting from adult observations and determination, six species of Tephritidae were identified. Among them, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker), C. quinaria (Bezzi) and C. silvestrii Bezzi were earliest and are thus most prejudicial. C. cosyra represented 86% of the total recovered flies. The species C. anonae, C. quinaria, C. fasciventris and C. ditissima were identified for the first time in Mali. The damage due to Tephritidae in the middle of the harvest period bordered on 50% of the crop for the varieties Kent and Keitt and exceeded 60% for that of Brooks. The 180 traps installed on the three studied sites allowed us to capture 128 998 Tephritidae adults belonging to thirteen species; the six species linked to the mango tree represented 99% of this total. The spot treatments carried out on the three experimental sites gave encouraging results, with a reduction in damage of approximately 50% in the treated orchards compared with the control orchards. Conclusions. To prolong the action undertaken, it will be interesting to confirm and look for further results obtained during the years to come. The installation of a regional project for controlling mango tree Tephritidae in West Africa would be fundamental in the medium term to limit such an insect pest which itself prevails on the sub-region scale.

Introduction. Fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) are among the major constraints in commercial horticulture in many African developing countries. Knowledge of the tephritid spectrum in any given area is a prerequisite for the development of an IPM program to alleviate the pest problem. We studied the fruit fly diversity in four main agro-ecological zones which are significant fruit-producing areas in the Morogoro Region, Tanzania. Materials and methods. Fruit fly diversity was investigated for one year (October 2004 – October 2005). Parapheromones, synthetic food attractant and protein-bait traps were used to trap the flies at the different locations in Morogoro region, Tanzania. One mixed orchard was selected at each of four locations representing the different agro-ecological zones of the region. Results. The recently introduced alien species, Bactrocera invadens, and three indigenous pest species, Ceratitis rosa, Dacus bivittatus and D. punctatifrons, were found at all the four sites, while Bactrocera cucurbitae, Ceratitis cosyra, Dacus chiwira and D. humeralis were found in three out of the four sites. The Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) Horticulture Unit and Mikese sites had the highest species diversity while the Mkindo and Nyandira sites had the lowest diversity. The between-habitats diversity (Beta diversity) was similar among the SUA, Mkindo and Mikese sites. Only the Nyandira site had a higher dissimilarity in comparison with the other three sites. Discussion. The most abundant species at low- and mid-elevation sites was Bactrocera invadens while, at high elevation, Ceratitis rosa was the dominant species. Protein-baited traps attracted the highest diversity of fruit flies in comparison with the more specific parapheromones. The synthetic food attractant (three-component lure) was less efficient compared with the protein bait. The large dissimilarity at the Nyandira site is probably due to the different types of host fruits found and grown in high altitude areas (mainly temperate fruits). Fruit fly species associated with these types of fruits, e.g., Ceratitis rubivora and Trirhithrum coffeae, were found only at this site.

the tumour necrosis factor receptor (tnfr)-associated periodic syndrome (traps) is an autosomal dominant, multisystemic, autoinflammatory disorder caused by mutations in the tnfr1 gene (tnfrsf1a). traps seems to be the most common hereditary periodic fever (hpf) syndrome in some western populations, and the second most prevalent hpf worldwide, behind familial mediterranean fever (fmf). the proteins involved in susceptibility to traps (tnfrsf1a) and fmf (pyrin) are both members of the death-domain-fold superfamily. mutations affecting these proteins might cause dysregulation of innate immune responses, with a propensity to autoinflammation. most traps patients have reduced blood levels of soluble tnfrsf1a between attacks, with an inappropriately small increase during bouts of fever. the pathogenesis of the ‘hyperinflammatory state’ in traps has been variously ascribed to a shedding defect of tnfrsf1a from the cell surface resulting in increased tnf inflammatory signalling, or impaired tnf apoptotic signalling. some low-penetrance tnfrsf1a variants also contribute to the clinical phenotype in individuals carrying other hpf-associated mutations, and have been reported in several disorders such as behçet's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. synthetic anti-tnf agents provide a rational form of therapy for traps, and have been shown to delay or indeed prevent development of systemic amyloidosis (aa type), a life-threatening complication in this condition.

Introduction. Au Mali, la production annuelle de mangues est estimée à 100 000 t. Du fait de problèmes structurels et phytosanitaires principalement liés à l'action des mouches des fruits, rarement plus de 1 % de cette production est exporté. L'objectif principal de cette étude a été de mettre au point une lutte raisonnée contre les Tephritidae du manguier au Mali à l'aide de traitements par taches. L'un des préalables a été d'identifier les espèces responsables des dégâts dans les trois zones principales de production (Sikasso, Bougouni, Bamako). Matériel et méthodes. Des mangues appartenant aux principales variétés exportées ont été collectées de début avril à début octobre 2000 et mises en observation afin d'identifier les espèces de Tephritidae présentes dans les fruits. La pose de pièges à attractifs sexuels ou alimentaires a permis de suivre l'évolution et la constitution des populations de mouches des fruits dans les vergers des trois sites choisis. L'efficacité d'une méthode de traitement par taches pour lutter contre les cératites a été testée. Résultats et discussion. À partir des observations et de la détermination des adultes, six espèces de Tephritidae ont été mises en évidence. Parmi elles, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker), C. quinaria (Bezzi) et C. silvestrii Bezzi ont été les plus précoces et sont donc les plus préjudiciables. C. cosyra a représenté 86 % de l'effectif total des mouches. Les espèces C. anonae, C. quinaria, C. fasciventris et C. ditissima ont été identifiées pour la première fois au Mali. Les dégâts dus aux Tephritidae en milieu de campagne ont avoisiné 50 % de la production des variétés Kent et Keitt et dépassé 60 % de celle de Brooks. Les 180 pièges mis en place sur les trois sites suivis ont permis de capturer un total de 128 998 Tephritidae adultes appartenant à treize espèces ; les six espèces inféodées au manguier ont représenté 99 % de cet effectif. Les traitements par taches effectués sur les trois sites expérimentaux ont donné des résultats encourageants, avec une réduction des dégâts d'environ 50 % sur les parcelles traitées par rapport aux parcelles témoins. Conclusions. Pour prolonger l'action entreprise, il sera intéressant de confirmer et approfondir les résultats obtenus au cours des années à venir. La mise en place d'un projet régional de lutte contre les Tephritidae du manguier pour l'Afrique de l'Ouest serait fondamentale à moyen terme pour limiter un tel ravageur qui sévit lui-même à l'échelle de la sous-région.

The habitat preferences and activity patterns of Glossina swynnertoni Austen were studied using Siamese traps, electrified screens and vehicle patrols in Aitong, southwestern Kenya in three habitats: large thicket, wooded grassland and an Acacia community. Except in the Acacia community, G. swynnertoni occurred in association with Glossina pallidipes Austen. Apparent density varied significantly among the three habitats, being highest in the Acacia community, intermediate in wooded grassland and lowest in large thickets. Density also varied seasonally, with higher densities occurring in the rainy season than in the dry season in all three areas. Vehicle patrol was a more effective and rapid method for sampling G. swynnertoni than either Siamese traps or electrified screens. However, vehicle patrol catches were strongly biased in favour of males (4:1). Diurnal activity in the Acacia community was unimodal for both sexes, with peaks of activity occurring at 1100–1200 h for males and at 1400–1500 h for females. Both sexes remained active in the afternoon but activity declined rapidly towards dusk (1700–1800 h).

Various trap designs were tested in Congo in order to assess their cost vs. effectiveness for the control of human trypanosomiasis vectors. These preliminary trials indicated that it is necessary to compare the different trap designs in several African countries. Furthermore, studies on the attractiveness of locally available fabrics must be carried out in order to make traps taking into account the sizes of locally available fabrics. At present, the ‘Vavoua’ trap is sail the most efficient but further investigations need to be carried out to reduce the cost of new traps without significantly affecting their efficiency. The ‘black/blue/black’ screen can be used successfully by rural communities in Congo for tsetse control.

We transpose the ordinary differential equation method (used for decreasing stepsize stochastic algorithms) to a dynamical system method to study dynamical systems disturbed by a noise decreasing to zero. We prove that such an algorithm does not fall into a regular trap if the noise is exciting in an unstable direction.

Studies were conducted during the dry period February to May 1986 in River Shelliekha, Bahr El Arab fly belt, Sudan, to obtain baseline data on catch and age compositions, reproductive status and trypanosome infection rates of trapped and fly round samples of Glossina morsitans submorsitans. The objective was to assess the tsetse situation before the establishment of trypanosomiasis treatment stations at the northern limits of the fly belt. Trapped tsetse included significantly higher proportions of teneral and non-teneral females and a lower male:female ratio. Insemination rates were over 98% in both samples. In any one group, the frequency of pregnancy with egg predominated, followed by the second, first and lastly the third instar larva. There were significant differences between the two groups of females in the proportions of nullipars and pregnancy with any one of the larval instars. Abortion was the predominant reproductive abnormality and no relationship could be found between abortion rate and the sampling method, age or trypanosome infection rate of females. Age compositions were similar in the two samples, save for age categories 0 and 1 for females and two and four for males. Flies were infected with Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense only, though T. brucei infections could also be diagnosed in livestock.

Four types of trap, yellow water, yellow sticky board, bottle with 20% protein hydrolysate, and funnel with 10% casein hydrolysate, were field-tested to control Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) in the coastal region of Peru. The yellow sticky boards were the most effective in trap capture with a mean of 1193.92 L. huidobrensis per week. The male:female capture ratio was 16:1.

Five parasitoid species, Halticoptera palellana, Chrysocharis phytomyzae, Chrysocharis sp., Diglyphus sp. and Opius sp., were also trapped. A significant negative correlation (r = −0.607 at P < 0.05) was observed for female leafminer capture vs temperature. Wind velocity was positively correlated with parasitoid capture (r = 0.509 at P < 0.05). The population of adult L. huidobrensis was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in plots with yellow sticky boards. Yields in plots with yellow sticky boards and those treated with insecticides were similar and significantly higher (36%) than check plots.

Population dynamics of pink bollworm on cotton was studied through male moths captured in the traps baited with sex pheromone ‘gossyplure’ and by its damage to the flowers and green bolls during 1978 and 1979 crop seasons. The number of pink bollworm male moths captured in traps were low up to August. Maximum moth population was recorded from the second fortnight of September to the second week of November. The population started declining after the first fortnight of November, indicating that most of the larvae had entered diapause due to the short photoperiod and low temperature. Incidence of pink bollworm on flowers was high up to the last week of August, after which it declined. While on green bolls its infestation started in the beginning of August and continued to increase up to the end of the season. A linear and highly positive correlation was found between the male moth catches in traps and the larval damage in flowers and bolls (r = 0.84 and 0.95 in 1978 and 1979 crop seasons, respectively).

Field studies were done to elucidate the effectiveness of buffalo urine as a tsetse attractant under a variety of test conditions. When traps were baited with the test sample of urine placed in large-necked dispensers allowing evaporation of 2 to 2.9 ml/hr, they performed better than traps baited with similar samples placed in narrow-necked dispensers with evaporation rate of 0.2 to 0.4 ml/hr. Buffalo urine was compared with samples of cow urine: the catch size increased 1.8 times in traps with cow urine when compared to that of the control trap, whereas buffalo urine was 9.6 times more attractive than control. Acetone added to the test sample, even in very small quantity, boosted the effectiveness, increasing the catch size 2.8 times more. Urine samples that had stayed on the laboratory shelves for some weeks or months were more effective than freshly obtained ones.