This article examines the relationship between blindness and the Enlightenment concept of the system, arguing that blindness is used as a weapon to discredit 17th-century metaphysics, as well as a tool through which thought can take shape or even systematize itself apart from dogmatism. Philosophers use blindness metaphorically, thus equating systematics within the obscurity of ignorance; yet, with Diderot, they also demonstrate that philosophy, for better or for worse, is literally an affair of blindness.

Jean Bernard Mérian is one of the main representatives of empiricism at the Academy of Berlin. This article seeks to show how Mérian articulates both his critique of systematic metaphysics, which is based on a synthetic method borrowed from mathematics, and his defence of a new philosophical ethos: an academic or eclectic spirit. I point out a relation of interdependence between terms like “empirical,” “academic” and “eclectic” in Mérian, and I examine how the eclectic approach to philosophy provides him with a method for comparing and critiquing the pretensions of philosophical systems, opening up the possibility of an eclectic conception of the history of philosophical debates.

In the Traité des systèmes, Condillac analyses a plurality of systematic metaphysical doctrines, specifically, those of Spinoza, Malebranche and Leibniz. Commentators have mainly interpreted this plurality as a way for Condillac to illustrate his criticisms and to raise doubts about the main contemporary systems while using the same criteria for interpretation. However, I note that his analytic tools differ according to which philosopher or philosophical system he analyses. This paper focuses on the criticism of Leibniz’s system, and aims to show that Condillac operated from subsequent reconstructions. In order to raise criticisms against the Leibnizian system, Condillac gave it an architectonic structure that is borrowed mainly from Wolff.

In this article, I examine two aspects of the transition from Kant to Fichte: systematicity and the primacy of practical reason. It is commonly agreed that Kant saw the critical exercise as an occasion to renew, rather than supress, the possibility of a positive metaphysics; however, most scholars now consider the “system” he sketched to be the sole heritage of Schulmetaphysik. However, I take literally Kant’s demand for a system that expects from the “practical” a new and absolute “foundation,” rather than a system that must be completed. Here, Fichte’s perspective gives us the common thread.

Combat Management System training uses simulation of an overall tactical situation. This involves the real-time management of numerous and diverse entities to keep the simulation scenario consistent in a highly dynamic environment. To address this difficult problem, we propose an adaptive multi-agent system in which each entity is considered as a smart sensor/effector mobile. The autonomy and the dynamic behaviour offered to each entity leads the simulation to self-adapt to inevitable disturbances of the user. According to the cooperation paradigm, this approach also allows the mobiles to highlights a coherent global behaviour with mutual helping. Finally, the system shows the relevance of the Emergence Technologies in the elaboration of a new generation of sensors. This software is currently under development in GATES, a project of the DCNS company.

The authors contrast two political inquiries in light of Luhmann’s system theory of procedure. The article asks whether and to what extent these inquiries can be considered as procedural systems, meaning as distinct frames of action that generate specific meanings and relevancies. Starting from the micro-sociological analysis of interactions in the British “Hutton Inquiry” and the European Union’s “CIA Inquiry” the authors reconstruct the specific functionalities of each with regard to their different ways of engaging and enabling self-referential processes of communication, knowledge production, and decision-making. As a system, each merges these three processes into a consistent, relatively strong or weak procedure, but they do so to different degrees. Overall, the article encourages a sociological understanding of the procedural mechanism as well as an empirical qualification and variation of system-theoretical assertions.