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4 results

  • Food identification by barcode scanning in the Netherlands: a quality assessment of labelled food product databases underlying popular nutrition applications

  • Marcus Maringer, Nancy Wisse-Voorwinden, Pieter van ’t Veer, Anouk Geelen
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 22 / Issue 7 / May 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 July 2018, pp. 1215-1222
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  • Objective

    The quality of labelled food product databases underlying popular diet applications (apps) with barcode scanners was investigated.

    Design

    Product identification rates for the scanned products and the availability and accuracy of nutrient values were calculated.

    Setting

    One hundred food products were selected from the two largest supermarket chains in the Netherlands. Using the barcode scanners of the selected apps, the products were scanned and the results recorded as food diary entries. The collected data were exported.

    Subjects

    Seven diet apps with barcode scanner and food recording feature were selected from the Google Play and Apple app stores.

    Results

    Energy values were available for 99 % of the scanned products, of which on average 79 % deviated not more than 5 % from the true value. MyFitnessPal provided values for sixteen nutrients, while Virtuagym Food and Yazio provided values for only four nutrients. MyFitnessPal also showed the largest percentage of correctly identified products (i.e. 96 %) and SparkPeople the smallest (i.e. 5 %). The accuracy of the provided nutrient values varied greatly between apps and nutrients.

    Conclusions

    While energy was the most consistently and accurately reported value, the availability and accuracy of other values varied greatly between apps. Whereas popular diet apps with barcode scanners might be valuable tools for dietary assessments on the product and energy level, they appear less suitable for assessments on the nutrient level. The presence of user-generated database entries implies that the availability of food products might vary depending on the size and diversity of an app’s user base.

  • 23 - Property rights regimes and their environmental impacts

  • from Part 6 - Looking backwards and to the future
  • Edited by Simon Ville, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Glenn Withers, Australian National University, Canberra
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Economic History of Australia
    Published online:
    05 September 2014
    Print publication:
    08 October 2014, pp 511-529

  • Summary

    The service sector has been referred to as the 'Cinderella sector' because it is one of the least understood sectors of the economy. This chapter reviews the pattern of growth and places the Australian experience within the context of broader worldwide trends. Services may range from high-skilled, knowledge-driven activities to low-skilled and low-paid occupations. The diversified nature of the service sector not only creates definitional problems, but it also makes classification for evaluation purposes difficult. The history of service development in the 19th century was one of response to the transformation of colonial agricultural economies into industrial and urban states. The pattern of employment growth, particularly in the latter half of the 20th century, reflected that of other western economies. Finally, the chapter investigates three themes, such as professionalisation, innovation and regulatory influences, all reveal more of the significance of the service sector to the economy.

  • 17 - Scientists

  • from Part III - The sinews of war
  • Edited by Jay Winter, Yale University, Connecticut
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of the First World War
    Published online:
    05 December 2013
    Print publication:
    09 January 2014, pp 434-459

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses four principal types of adaptation of weapons and techniques to a new kind of war: retro-innovation, technological stagnation, the capacity for innovation in wartime, and the invention of completely new weapons. In order to assess the temporal dimension of the relationship between war and technology, with regard to the manufacture of weapons, it is necessary to consider an essential constituent: the human factor. Human intervention appreciably altered the pace of technological adaptation that occurred in response to the demands of the war. It operated on the basis of a threefold temporality including projected future time, real time and confronted time, that intersected with the four forms of adaptation. The use of the steel helmet by the various armies offers a clear example of how the interaction between projected time and retro-innovations functioned, as well as its determining characteristics.

  • 17 - Hellenistic Greece and Western Asia Minor

  • from Part IV - The Hellenistic States
  • Edited by Walter Scheidel, Stanford University, California, Ian Morris, Stanford University, California, Richard P. Saller, Stanford University, California
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    29 November 2007, pp 460-484

  • Summary

    This chapter focuses on old Greece; the southern Balkans, the Aegean islands, and western Asia Minor. Greek-speakers had settled here many centuries earlier. The act of concentration in a new urban center created a new locus of demand for food and other essentials, and new markets. Agriculture remained the chief economic activity for most people in Greece. Outside of the northern kingdoms (Macedon, Epirus), this took place on land belonging to poleis. Many Hellenistic exchanges were mediated through money. States needed coined money to pay troops, war indemnities, and numerous other expenses. The Hellenistic world inherited from classical times a wide array of institutions that served central economic functions but subsequently also saw some changes. The chapter explores the changes to pre-existing institutions, and whether they reflect new economic conditions. Military technology is one area where the Hellenistic world saw major innovations, from siege warfare, to the use of elephants, to the construction of ever-larger ships.