Caryophyllideans are intestinal parasites of freshwater fishes, occupying a basal position among the ‘true’ tapeworms. We performed detailed cytogenetic analyses of the well-known caryophyllidean species Caryophyllaeus laticeps. For comparison, we also examined for the first time the chromosomes of Paracaryophyllaeus gotoi, a specific parasite of loaches in China. Both species showed a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 20, n = 10m. Chromomycin A3 (CMA3)/diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining performed for the first time in the class Cestoda revealed CMA3+/DAPI− bands in the pericentromeric regions of the short arms of chromosome pair no. 7 in the karyotype of C. laticeps. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with the 18S rDNA probe confirmed the presence of a single cluster of major rDNA near the centromere on a pair of small chromosomes in both species. These findings support the hypothesis that the ancestral state in the family Caryophyllaeidae is a single interstitial cluster of major rDNA genes and thus one nucleolar organizer region per haploid genome. Our results, which we presented together with literature data plotted on a phylogenetic tree, show stability of caryophyllidean karyotypes at the genus level, but showed differences between genera without a clear phylogenetic signal. The data allowed us to at least formulate a hypothesis about the ancestral haploid chromosome number of n = 10 for the family Caryophyllaeidae and possibly for the sister family Capingentidae. In addition, we compared two populations of C. laticeps from water bodies with different levels of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination, showing a slightly increased incidence of chromosomal abnormalities at the contaminated site.

Consumption of edible insects has been widely suggested as an environmentally sustainable substitute for meat to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the novel research field for edible insects relies on the content of bioactive ingredients and on the ability to induce a functional effect in humans. The goal of this manuscript is to review the available body of evidence on the properties of edible insects in modulating oxidative and inflammatory stress, platelet aggregation, lipid and glucose metabolism and weight control. A search for literature investigating the functional role of edible insects was carried out in the PubMed database using specific keywords. A total of 55 studies, meeting inclusion criteria after screening, were divided on the basis of the experimental approach: in vitro studies, cellular models/ex vivo studies or in vivo studies. In the majority of the studies, insects demonstrated the ability to reduce oxidative stress, modulate antioxidant status, restore the impaired activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce markers of oxidative damage. Edible insects displayed anti-inflammatory activity reducing cytokines and modulating specific transcription factors. Results from animal studies suggest that edible insects can modulate lipid and glucose metabolism. The limited number of studies focused on the assessment of anti-coagulation activity of edible insects makes it difficult to draw conclusions. More evidence from dietary intervention studies in humans is needed to support the promising evidence from in vitro and animal models about the functional role of edible insect consumption.

Beach Sand Mining (BSM) is a profitable industry earning a sizable income for the countryby way of foreign exchange. The Indian coast is rich in rare earths such as ilmenite,rutile, leucoxene, zircon, garnet and sillimanite, and is invariably associated withradioactive monazite. Due to the nature of the separation processes involved and themanual handling, workers in these factories are continuously being exposed to suspendedparticles containing naturally occurring radioactive materials. An attempt was made toestimate DNA damage using a chromosome aberration assay to monitor radiation effects inworkers of BSM industries in India. The study group comprised 27 BSM workers and 20controls. Percentage yields of dicentrics, acentric fragments and chromatid breaksobserved in the control group were 0.058 ± 0.017, 0.073 ± 0.03 and 0.22 ± 0.112,respectively. Percentage yields of dicentrics + centric rings, acentric fragments andchromatid breaks observed in the BSM group were 0.029 ± 0.01 (P value 0.19), 0.24 ± 0.06(P value 0.006) and 0.455 ± 0.06 (P value 0.0004), respectively. Elevated levels offragments and chromatid aberrations are suggestive of low-dose radiation effects and alsochemically-induced DNA damage.

Evidence has emerged over the past decade for the existence of two cellular phenomenons which challenge the standard paradigms for the induction of biological effects by ionizing radiation. In both cases, important genetic changes arise in cells that in themselves receive no radiation exposure. In the first, radiation induces a type of transmissible genomic instability in cells that leads to a persistent enhancement in the rate at which genetic alterations including mutations and chromosomal aberrations arise in the descendents of the original irradiated cell after many generations of replication. In the bystander effect, damage signals are transmitted from irradiated to non-irradiated cells in the population, leading to the occurrence of biologic effects in these “bystander” cells. In this review, our current knowledge concerning these two phenomena is described and their potential impact on the estimation of risks of low level radiation exposure discussed.

Lors d'une suspicion d'exposition accidentelle aux rayonnements ionisants, la détermination de la dose reçue au moyen de paramètres biologiques est une part importante de la stratégie thérapeutique, en complément des signes cliniques et de la dosimétrie physique. Le dénombrement des aberrations chromosomiques instables dans les lymphocytes du sang périphérique est aujourd'hui la méthode de référence. La préparation des échantillons biologiques dépend cependant du but à atteindre, de l'expertise précise de suspicions d'irradiations ou du tri rapide en cas d'accident de grande envergure. Une adaptation peut être nécessaire s'il s'agit d'irradiation hétérogène ou ancienne. Malgré cette robustesse et ces adaptations, la cytogénétique conventionnelle reste une technique lourde, longue, réservée à du personnel spécialisé. Le dénombrement des micronoyaux dans les lymphocytes binucléés peut constituer une alternative, apparemment plus facile et plus simple que le test des dicentriques. À partir de l'expérience acquise par l'IPSN ces dernières années sur l'expertise des suspicions d'irradiation, ce papier a pour but de dresser un bilan technique quoique succinct de ces différentes approches telles que nous les avons adaptées aux suspicions d'irradiation récente.

At the end of July 1998, three 137Cs sources (between 0.17 and 150 GBq) were found in the vicinity of the village of Matkhoji, located at 300 km to the west of Tbilissi. This site was a former Russian military base, abandoned since 1992 and used now as pasture and a playground for the children. The Georgian Environment Ministry requested assistance from IAEA which sent a mission to the site. This established that a predominantly chronic exposure of part of the population of the village has occurred. The IAEA requested technical assistance from IPSN. A mission, made up of 4 people from IPSN and a representative of the IAEA went to the site from 12 to 17 October 1998. This mission collected information on the circumstances of the exposure and selected a potentially explored cohort of 112 people, in three groups: children of more than five years and adults of less than 50 years attending the site and members of a family who had a source in their cattle shed. An analysis of hematologic parameters was performed on these people and 85 blood samples were taken for biological dosimetry. The hematologic analysis carried out on the spot did not show any particular anomaly. The biological dosimetry by scoring of unstable chromosome aberrations (dicentric, rings centric, fragments) in blood peripheral lymphocytes was performed on blood samples after air transportation to the specialised laboratory (LDBM) of the IPSN Two successive procedures were initiated. The first was a quick phase of triage not very precise but intended to check if some of these people presented obvious signs of irradiation. Only 50 cells per subject were scored. Seven days were needed to complete this phase. Dicentrics were found in three people only indicating a whole-body dose not exceeding 0.5 Gy on average. This triage was followed of a more complete but longer examination, where chromosome aberrations were scored in 250 cells. Six weeks were necessary to score 22 000 cells from the 85 people. In total, 30 dicentrics were scored among only 17 Georgian patients. The highest dose to the whole body estimated from a reference calibration curve was 0.3 Gy The majority of these dicentrics was found in the children having played on several occasions in the former military camp. Unfortunately, the information provided by the population was too fragmentary to permit an effective reconstruction of the individual doses.