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Cambridge Companions are a series of authoritative guides, written by leading experts, offering lively, accessible introductions to major writers, artists, philosophers, topics, and periods.
Cambridge Companions are a series of authoritative guides, written by leading experts, offering lively, accessible introductions to major writers, artists, philosophers, topics, and periods.
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This chapter examines the varied relationships that the Commedia forges with his own ‘other works’, and considers the presence of both overt allusions and indirect references, the metacritical and clarificatory function assigned to some texts, the ways these works serve as the linguistic and stylistic training-ground for the Commedia’s plurilingual experimentation, their value as supplementary material in expounding Commedia, and in elucidating its compositional history. Particular attention is paid to Dante’s reflection on his poetic past (Vita nova) in the opening cantos of the poem, the relevance and status of the Convivio, passage of lyric autocitation, and discussion of dating and genesis of the poem.
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the moral structure of each of the three realms of Dante’s afterlife: Hell, Purgatory and Paradise. It examines Dante’s sources, ethical criteria, and topography, as well as his representation of moral structure in the narrative itself, and its political implications. The first section analyses the four principal regions of Hell through Virgil’s rationale: the circles of incontinence, the ‘rings’ of violence, the ‘pouches’ of simple fraud, and the pit of treacherous fraud. It then explores the three groups of souls that Virgil strikingly leaves out: the ‘neutrals’, the virtuous pagans in Limbo, and the heretics. The second section addresses four key differences between Infernal and Purgatorial suffering, explains the moral theories of disordered love and the seven capital sins underpinning the seven terraces of Dante’s Purgatory, and examines the theologically original antechamber of Purgatory, and the Earthly Paradise at the mountain’s summit. The third section highlights Dante’s distinction between what Paradise is and how it is conveyed, and shows how his layered vision of Paradise overlaps the scheme of the four cardinal and three theological virtues with the theory of astral influence on personality.
This chapter explores the status of the Comedy as a ‘political’ poem, in relation to Dante’s political context in the Italy of the early fourteenth century, his own political thought, and to the way in which the journey which the poem describes is construed as progressing from a wicked community, via a 'community under construction', to the perfect 'City of God' in Heaven. It argues that the notion of community – that is, of the way in which human beings live in relation to one another – is central to the Comedy's theology and poetics as well as to Dante's political thought. It examines the ways in which the three main political structures of Dante’s world – the city, and especially Dante’s own city of Florence, the Church and the Empire – are presented in the poem and contribute to the reader’s understanding of what constitutes ‘true’ citizenship, from both an earthly and an eschatological perspective.
This chapter examines the reception of Dante’s Commedia from the late fifteenth century to the present day, reconstructing the ways Dante’s work enters the canon of world literature after suffering oblivion throughout the early modern age. By keeping a strongly intermedial perspective – the chapter does not only cover editions and translations of the Commedia, but also literary, theatrical, visual, and cinematic works inspired by it –, it proposes a new periodization of Dante’s reception. The first section covers the years from the Florentine edition of 1481 to 1766, examining what is arguably the lowest point in the history of Dante’s fame. The second section moves from 1767 – the first complete translation of the Commedia into a modern language – and covers the years up to 1830, witnessing the pan-European re-appreciation of Dante on the part of anti-Classicist and Romantic movements. The third section, ‘1831-1913’, focuses on the Italian and Anglo-American environments, examining the birth of a modern scholarship on Dante and the reception of the Commedia as the model for a totalizing work of art. The last one maps Dante’s presence in the twentieth century and beyond, and especially of the Inferno as a framework for narrativizing the horrors of the present.
How were the Crusades, and the crusaders, narrated, described, and romanticised by the various communities that experienced or remembered them? This Companion provides a critical overview of the diverse and multilingual literary output connected with crusading over the last millennium, from the first writings which sought to understand and report on what was happening, to contemporary medievalism, in which crusading is a potent image of holy war and jihad. The chapters show the enduring legacy of the crusaders' imagery, from the chansons de geste to Walter Scott, from Charlemagne to Orlando Bloom. Whilst the crusaders' hold on Jerusalem was relatively short-lived, the desire for Jerusalem has had a long afterlife in many cultural contexts and media.
This newly commissioned volume presents a focused overview of Dante's masterpiece, the Commedia, offering readers of today wide-ranging insights into the poem and its core features. Leading scholars discuss matters of structure, narrative, language and style, characterization, doctrine, and politics, in chapters that make their own contributions to Dante criticism by raising problems and questions that call for renewed attention, while investigating contextual concerns as well as the current state of criticism about the poem. The Commedia is also placed in a variety of cultural and historical contexts through accounts of the poem's transmission and reception that explore both its contemporary influence and its continuing legacy today. With its accessible approach, its unstinting focus on the poem and its attention to matters that have not always received adequate critical assessment, this volume will be of value to all students and scholars of Dante's great poem.