Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T01:55:37.890Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Females undergo selection too

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 July 2022

Joyce F. Benenson
Affiliation:
Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, [email protected]
Christine E. Webb
Affiliation:
Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, [email protected]
Richard W. Wrangham
Affiliation:
Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, [email protected]

Abstract

Extending Campbell's (1999) staying alive theory (SAT) beyond aggression, we reviewed evidence that females are more self-protective than males. Many commentators provided additional supporting data. Sex differences in life-history adaptations, in the optimal relation between survival and reproduction, and in the mechanisms underlying trade-offs involved with self-protection remain important topics with numerous opportunities for improved understanding.

Type
Authors' Response
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allman, J., Rosin, A., Kumar, R., & Hasenstaub, A. (1998). Parenting and survival in anthropoid primates: Caretakers live longer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95(12), 68666869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azam, K., Khan, A., & Alam, M. T. (2017). Causes and adverse impact of physician burnout: A systematic review. Journal of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 27(8), 495501.Google ScholarPubMed
Bem, S. L. (1974). The sex role inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 122162.Google Scholar
Betzig, L. L. (1986). Despotism and differential reproduction: A Darwinian view of history. Aldine.Google Scholar
Bogin, B. (1999). Evolutionary perspective on human growth. Annual Review of Anthropology, 28, 109153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, A. (1999). Staying alive: Evolution, culture, and women's intrasexual aggression. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(2), 203252. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99001818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1989). Disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships in maltreated infants. Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 525531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carranza, J. (2009). Defining sexual selection as sex-dependent selection. Animal Behaviour, 77(3), 749751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Case, A., & Deaton, A. (2020). Deaths of despair and the future of capitalism. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cattalini, M., Soliani, M., Caparello, M. C., & Cimaz, R. (2019). Sex differences in pediatric rheumatology. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 56(3), 293307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiu, M., Rahman, F., Vigod, S., Lau, C., Cairney, J., & Kurdyak, P. (2018). Mortality in single fathers compared with single mothers and partnered parents: A population-based cohort study. The Lancet Public Health, 3(3), e115e123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clayton, J. A. (2016). Studying both sexes: A guiding principle for biomedicine. The FASEB Journal, 30(2), 519524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clutton-Brock, T. H., & Huchard, E. (2013). Social competition and selection in males and females. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368(1631), 20130074.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daly, M., & Perry, G. (2021). A Cinderella effect in the childcare assistance provided by European grandparents. Evolution and Human Behavior, 42(4), 343350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Giudice, M. (2009). Sex, attachment, and the development of reproductive strategies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(01), 121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dudel, C., & Klüsener, S. (2021). Male–female fertility differentials across 17 high-income countries: Insights from a new data resource. European Journal of Population, 37(2), 417441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eastwood, J. G., Kemp, L. A., & Jalaludin, B. B. (2015). Being alone and expectations lost: A critical realist study of maternal depression in south western Sydney. SpringerPlus, 4(1), 115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ember, C. R., & Ember, M. (2003). Encyclopedia of sex and gender: Men and women in the world's cultures. Springer.Google Scholar
Fedigan, L. M. (1982). Primate paradigms: Sex roles and social bonds. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hagen, E. H., & Thornhill, R. (2017). Testing the psychological pain hypothesis for postnatal depression: Reproductive success versus evidence of design. Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, 2017(1), 1723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartung, C. M., & Lefler, E. K. (2019). Sex and gender in psychopathology: DSM-5 and beyond. Psychological Bulletin, 145(4), 390409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkes, K., O'Connell, J. F., Jones, N. G. B., Gurven, M., Hill, K., Hames, R., … Churchill, S. E. (1997). Hadza women's time allocation, offspring provisioning, and the evolution of long postmenopausal life spans. Current Anthropology, 38(4), 551577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, S. L., & Flanagan, K. L. (2016). Sex differences in immune responses. Nature Reviews Immunology, 16(10), 626638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, K. L. (2005). Children's help and the pace of reproduction: Cooperative breeding in humans. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 14(6), 224237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leopold, T., & Skopek, J. (2015). The demography of grandparenthood: An international profile. Social Forces, 94(2), 801832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, R. E., & Gohm, C. L. (2000). Age and sex differences in subjective well-being across cultures. In Diener, E. & Suh, E. M. (Eds.), Culture and subjective well-being (pp. 291317). MIT Press.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, A. M. (2002). Andropause: Clinical implications of the decline in serum testosterone levels with aging in men. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 57(2), M76M99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGregor, A. J. (2020). Sex matters: How male-centric medicine endangers women's health and what we can do about it. Hachette.Google Scholar
Paul, K. N., Dugovic, C., Turek, F. W., & Laposky, A. D. (2006). Diurnal sex differences in the sleep–wake cycle of mice are dependent on gonadal function. Sleep, 29(9), 12111223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudnicka, A. R., Kapetanakis, V. V., Wathern, A. K., Logan, N. S., Gilmartin, B., Whincup, P. H., … Owen, C. G. (2016). Global variations and time trends in the prevalence of childhood myopia, a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis: Implications for aetiology and early prevention. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 100(7), 882890.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103(3), 403428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santiago, J., Silva, J. V., Alves, M. G., Oliveira, P. F., & Fardilha, M. (2019). Testicular aging: An overview of ultrastructural, cellular, and molecular alterations. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 74(6), 860871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sear, R., & Mace, R. (2008). Who keeps children alive? A review of the effects of kin on child survival. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29(1), 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J. C. (2019). A review of strain and sex differences in response to pain and analgesia in mice. Comparative Medicine, 69(6), 490500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smuts, B. B. (1987). Gender, aggression, and influence. In Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. & Struhsaker, T. T. (Eds.), Primate societies (pp. 400412). University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Sparks, A. M., Fessler, D. M., Chan, K. Q., Ashokkumar, A., & Holbrook, C. (2018). Disgust as a mechanism for decision making under risk: Illuminating sex differences and individual risk-taking correlates of disgust propensity. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 18(7), 942958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stockley, P., & Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2011). Female competition and its evolutionary consequences in mammals. Biological Reviews, 86(2), 341366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swift, K. M., Keus, K., Echeverria, C. G., Cabrera, Y., Jimenez, J., Holloway, J., … Poe, G. R. (2020). Sex differences within sleep in gonadally intact rats. Sleep, 43(5), zsz289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Syme, K. L., Garfield, Z. H., & Hagen, E. H. (2016). Testing the bargaining vs. inclusive fitness models of suicidal behavior against the ethnographic record. Evolution and Human Behavior, 37(3), 179192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velle, W. (1987). Sex differences in sensory functions. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 30(4), 490522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walter, K. V., Conroy-Beam, D., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., … Alm, C. (2020). Sex differences in mate preferences across 45 countries: A large-scale replication. Psychological Science, 31, 116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620904154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 699727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed