Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T04:15:21.095Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Folk-economic beliefs: An evolutionary cognitive model

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 October 2017

Pascal Boyer  and
Michael Bang Petersen
Pascal Boyer
Affiliation:
Departments of Psychology and Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130. [email protected]
Michael Bang Petersen
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science and Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. [email protected]://au.dk/en/michael@ps
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The domain of “folk-economics” consists in explicit beliefs about the economy held by laypeople, untrained in economics, about such topics as, for example, the causes of the wealth of nations, the benefits or drawbacks of markets and international trade, the effects of regulation, the origins of inequality, the connection between work and wages, the economic consequences of immigration, or the possible causes of unemployment. These beliefs are crucial in forming people's political beliefs and in shaping their reception of different policies. Yet, they often conflict with elementary principles of economic theory and are often described as the consequences of ignorance, irrationality, or specific biases. As we will argue, these past perspectives fail to predict the particular contents of popular folk-economic beliefs and, as a result, there is no systematic study of the cognitive factors involved in their emergence and cultural success. Here we propose that the cultural success of particular beliefs about the economy is predictable if we consider the influence of specialized, largely automatic inference systems that evolved as adaptations to ancestral human small-scale sociality. These systems, for which there is independent evidence, include free-rider detection, fairness-based partner choice, ownership intuitions, coalitional psychology, and more. Information about modern mass-market conditions activates these specific inference systems, resulting in particular intuitions, for example, that impersonal transactions are dangerous or that international trade is a zero-sum game. These intuitions in turn make specific policy proposals more likely than others to become intuitively compelling, and, as a consequence, exert a crucial influence on political choices.

Keywords

cultural beliefscultural transmissioneconomic psychologyevolutionary psychologyfolk-economicsheuristics and biasespolitical psychology
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 41 , 2018 , e158
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aarøe, L. & Petersen, M. B. (2014) Crowding out culture: Scandinavians and Americans agree on social welfare in the face of deservingness cues. The Journal of Politics 76(3):684–97.Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. & Monterosso, J. (2004) A marketplace in the brain? Science 306(5695):421–23.Google Scholar
Alesina, A. & Glaeser, E. L. (2004) Fighting poverty in the US and Europe: A world of difference. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, B. R. (1983) Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Verso. (Original edition).Google Scholar
André, J.-B. (2010) The evolution of reciprocity: Social types or social incentives? American Naturalist 175(2):197–210. doi: 10.1086/649597.Google Scholar
André, J.-B. & Baumard, N. (2011) The evolution of fairness in a biological market. Evolution 650(5):1447–56.Google Scholar
André, J.-B. & Day, T. (2007) Perfect reciprocity is the only evolutionarily stable strategy in the continuous iterated prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Theoretical Biology 247(1):11–22.Google Scholar
Arceneaux, K. (2012) Cognitive biases and the strength of political arguments. American Journal of Political Science 56(2):271–85.Google Scholar
Atran, S. A. (1995) Causal constraints on categories and categorical constraints on biological reasoning across cultures. In: Causal cognition: A multidisciplinary debate, ed. Sperber, D., Premack, D. & Premack, A. James, pp. 205–33. Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Baillargeon, R., Kotovsky, L. & Needham, A. (1995) The acquisition of physical knowledge in infancy. In: Causal cognition. A multidisciplinary debate, ed. Sperber, D., Premack, D. & Premack, A. James, pp. 79–115. Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Baltes, B. B., Dickson, M. W., Sherman, M. P., Bauer, C. C. & LaGanke, J. S. (2002) Computer-mediated communication and group decision making: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 87(1):156–79.Google Scholar
Barclay, P. (2016) Biological markets and the effects of partner choice on cooperation and friendship. Current Opinion in Psychology 7:33–38. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.07.012.Google Scholar
Baron, J. (2001) Confusion of group interest and self-interest in parochial cooperation on behalf of a group. Journal of Conflict Resolution 45(3):283–96.Google Scholar
Baron, J. & Kemp, S. (2004) Support for trade restrictions, attitudes, and understanding of comparative advantage. Journal of Economic Psychology 25(5):565–80. doi: 10.1016/S0167-4870(03)00064-3.Google Scholar
Bhattacharjee, A., Dana, J. & Baron, J. (2011) Is profit evil? Incentive neglect and the association of profit with social harm. In: NA – advances in consumer research, vol. 38, ed. Dahl, D. W., Johar, G. V. & van Osselaer, S. M. J.. Association for Consumer Research. Available at: http://acrwebsite.org/volumes/16216/volumes/v38/NA-38Google Scholar
Birch, L. L. & Billman, J. (1986) Preschool children's food sharing with friends and acquaintances. Child Development 57(2):387–95.Google Scholar
Bisgaard, M. (2015) Bias will find a way: Economic perceptions, attributions of blame, and partisan-motivated reasoning during crisis. The Journal of Politics 77(3):849–60.Google Scholar
Bisgaard, M. & Slothuus, R. (2018b) Partisan elites as culprits? How party cues shape partisan perceptual gaps. American Journal of Political Science 62(2):456–69. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12349.Google Scholar
Blake, P. R. & Harris, P. L. (2009) Children's understanding of ownership transfers. Cognitive Development 24(2):133–45. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.01.002.Google Scholar
Blinder, A. S. & Krueger, A. B. (2004) What does the public know about economic policy, and how does it know it? [NBER Working Paper No. 10787.] Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 35(1):327–87.Google Scholar
Bohnet, I. & Frey, B. (1999) The sound of silence in prisoner's dilemma and dictator games. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 38(1):43–57.Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1985) Culture and the evolutionary process. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Boyer, P. (1998) Cognitive tracks of cultural inheritance: How evolved intuitive ontology governs cultural transmission. American Anthropologist 100:876–89.Google Scholar
Boyer, P. (2015) How natural selection shapes conceptual structure: Human intuitions and concepts of ownership. In: The conceptual mind. New directions in the study of concepts, ed. Margolis, E. & Laurence, S., pp. 185–200. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Boyer, P. & Barrett, H. C. (2015) Domain specificity and intuitive ontologies. In: The handbook of evolutionary psychology, 2nd edition, ed. Buss, D. M., pp. 161–79. Wiley.Google Scholar
Brown, D. E. (1991) Human universals. McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Bshary, R. & Grutter, A. (2005) Punishment and partner switching cause cooperative behaviour in a cleaning mutualism. Biology Letters 1(4):396–99.Google Scholar
Burnham, T. C. (2013) Toward a neo-Darwinian synthesis of neoclassical and behavioral economics. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 90 (Suppl.):S113–27.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M., ed. (2015) The handbook of evolutionary psychology, vols. I and II, 2nd edition. Wiley.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M., Haselton, M. G., Shackelford, T. K., Bleske, A. L. & Wakefield, J. C. (1998) Adaptations, exaptations, and spandrels. The American Psychologist 53(5):533–48.Google Scholar
Camerer, C. F., Bhatt, M. & Hsu, M. (2007) Neuroeconomics: Illustrated by the study of ambiguity aversion. In: Economics and psychology: A promising new cross-disciplinary field, ed. Frey, B. S. & Stutzer, A., pp. 113–51. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Caplan, B. (2006) How do voters form positive economic beliefs? Evidence from the Survey of Americans and Economists on the Economy. Public Choice 128(3–4):367–81. doi: 10.1007/s11127-006-9026-z.Google Scholar
Caplan, B. (2008) The myth of the rational voter: Why democracies choose bad policies. (New edition, with a new preface by the author). Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Chong, D. & Druckman, J. N. (2007) Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science 10(1):103–26. Available at: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054.Google Scholar
Cimino, A. (2011) The evolution of hazing: Motivational mechanisms and the abuse of newcomers. Journal of Cognition and Culture 11(3–4):241–67. doi: 10.1163/156853711x591242.Google Scholar
Cimino, A. & Delton, A. W. (2010) On the perception of newcomers: Toward an evolved psychology of intergenerational coalitions. Human Nature 21(2):186–202. doi: 10.1007/s12110-010-9088-y.Google Scholar
Claidière, N., Scott-Phillips, T. C. & Sperber, D. (2014) How Darwinian is cultural evolution? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 369(1642): Article no. 0368. (Online article). doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0368. Available at: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1642/20130368Google Scholar
Claidière, N. & Sperber, D. (2007) The role of attraction in cultural evolution. Journal of Cognition and Culture 7(1–2):89–111.Google Scholar
Converse, P. (1964) The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In: Ideology and discontent, ed. Apter, D., pp. 206–61. The Free Press.Google Scholar
Cosmides, L. (1989) The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cognition 31(3):187–276.Google Scholar
Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (1992) Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., pp. 163–228. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2000) Consider the source: The evolution of adaptations for decoupling and metarepresentation. In Metarepresentations: A multidisciplinary perspective, ed. Sperber, D., pp. 53–115. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2005) Neurocognitive adaptations designed for social exchange. In: The handbook of evolutionary psychology, ed. Buss, D. M., pp. 584–627 (Chapter 20). Wiley.Google Scholar
Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2015a) Adaptations for reasoning about social exchange. In: The handbook of evolutionary psychology, vol. 2, 2nd edition, ed. Buss, D., pp. 625–68. Wiley.Google Scholar
Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2015b) The theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology. In: The handbook of evolutionary psychology, vol. 2, 2nd edition, ed. Buss, D., pp. 3–87. Wiley.Google Scholar
Dahl, G. B. & Ransom, M. R. (1999) Does where you stand depend on where you sit? Tithing donations and self-serving beliefs. The American Economic Review 89(4):703–27.Google Scholar
Delton, A. W. & Cimino, A. (2010) Exploring the evolved concept of NEWCOMER: Experimental tests of a cognitive model. Evolutionary Psychology 8(2):317–35.Google Scholar
Delton, A. W., Cosmides, L., Guemo, M., Robertson, T. E. & Tooby, J. (2012) The psychosemantics of free riding: Dissecting the architecture of a moral concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102(6):1252–70. doi: 10.1037/a0027026.Google Scholar
Delton, A. W. & Robertson, T. E. (2012) The social cognition of social foraging: Partner selection by underlying valuation. Evolution and Human Behavior 33(6):715–25. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.05.007.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1987) The intentional stance. MIT Press.Google Scholar
DeScioli, P. & Karpoff, R. (2015) People's judgments about classic property law cases. Human Nature 26(2):184–209.Google Scholar
Doris, Y. T. & Margaret, S. L. (2008) Mechanisms of face perception. Annual Review of Neuroscience 31(1):411–37. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094238.Google Scholar
Dreier, P. (1999) The politics of rent control in California and Massachusetts, vol. 7. JAI Press.Google Scholar
Eisenbruch, A. B., Grillot, R. L., Maestripieri, D. & Roney, J. R. (2016) Evidence of partner choice heuristics in a one-shot bargaining game. Evolution and Human Behavior 37(6):429–39. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.002.Google Scholar
Ellickson, R. (1991) Order without law: How neighbors settle disputes. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Everett, J. A. C., Pizarro, D. A. & Crockett, M. J. (2016) Inference of trustworthiness from intuitive moral judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 145(6):772.Google Scholar
Fehr, E., Schmidt, K. M., Kolm, S.-C. & Ythier, J. M. (2006) The economics of fairness, reciprocity and altruism – experimental evidence and new theories. In: Handbook of the economics of giving, altruism and reciprocity, vol 1: Foundations, ed. Kolm, S.-C. & Ythier, J. M., pp. 615–91. Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
Fink, B. & Penton-Voak, I. (2002) Evolutionary psychology of facial attractiveness. Current Directions in Psychological Science 11(5):154–58. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00190.Google Scholar
Fiske, A. P. (1992) The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological Review 99(4):689–723. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.99.4.689.Google Scholar
Fiske, A. P. & Tetlock, P. E. (1997) Taboo trade-offs: Reactions to transactions that transgress the spheres of justice. Political Psychology 18(2):255–97.Google Scholar
Friedman, D. D. (2004) Evolutionary psychology and economic theory. Advances in Austrian Economics 7:17–33.Google Scholar
Friedman, O. (2010) Necessary for possession: How people reason about the acquisition of ownership. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 36(9):1161–69. doi: 10.1177/0146167210378513.Google Scholar
Friedman, O. & Neary, K. R. (2008) Determining who owns what: Do children infer ownership from first possession? Cognition 107(3):829–49. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.12.002.Google Scholar
Friedman, O., Neary, K. R., Defeyter, M. A. & Malcolm, S. L. (2011) Ownership and object history. In: Origins of ownership of property: New directions for child and adolescent development, vol. 132, ed. Ross, H. H. & Friedman, O., pp. 79–90. Wiley.Google Scholar
Gat, A. (2006) War in human civilization. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gelman, R., Durgin, F. & Kaufman, L. (1995) Distinguishing between animates and inanimates: Not by motion alone. In: Causal cognition: A multidisciplinary debate, ed. Sperber, D., Premack, D. & Premack, A. James, pp. 150–84. Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gelman, S. A. (2004) Psychological essentialism in children. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8(9):404–409.Google Scholar
Gelman, S. A. & Wellman, H. M. (1991) Insides and essence: Early understandings of the non-obvious. Cognition 38(3):213–44.Google Scholar
General Social Survey (2011) General Social Survey (GSS) Cumulative Datafile 1972–2010. Available at: http://sda.berkeley.edu/archive.htm.Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G. (1991) How to make cognitive illusions disappear: Beyond “Heuristics and biases”. European Review of Social Psychology 2:83–115.Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G. & Hug, K. (1992) Domain-specific reasoning: Social contracts, cheating, and perspective change. Cognition 43(2):127–71.Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G., Todd, P. M. & the ABC Research Group. (1999) Simple heuristics that make us smart. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gilens, M. (1999) Why Americans hate welfare: Race, media, and the politics of antipoverty policy. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gilovich, T., Griffin, D. & Kahneman, D. (2002) Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Glimcher, P. W. (2009) Neuroeconomics and the study of valuation. In: The cognitive neurosciences, 4th edition, ed. Gazzaniga, M. S., pp. 1085–92. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Grammer, K. & Thornhill, R. (1994) Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: The role of symmetry and averageness. Journal of Comparative Psychology 108(3):233–42.Google Scholar
Green, D. & Shapiro, I. (1994) Pathologies of rational choice theory: A critique of applications in political science. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Guimond, S., De Oliveira, P., Kamiesjki, R. & Sidanius, J. (2010) The trouble with assimilation: Social dominance and the emergence of hostility against immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 34(6):642–50. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.01.002.Google Scholar
Gurven, M. (2004) To give and to give not: The behavioral ecology of human food transfers. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27(4):543–60.Google Scholar
Gurven, M., Hill, K., Kaplan, H. S., Hurtado, A. & Lyles, R. (2000) Food transfers among Hiwi foragers of Venezuela: Tests of reciprocity. Human Ecology 28(2):171–218.Google Scholar
Haferkamp, A., Fetchenhauer, D., Belschak, F. & Enste, D. (2009) Efficiency versus fairness: The evaluation of labor market policies by economists and laypeople. Journal of Economic Psychology 30(4):527–39. doi: 10.1016/j.joep.2009.03.010.Google Scholar
Haidt, J. (2012) The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. Vintage.Google Scholar
Hainmuller, J. & Hiscox, M. J. (2010) Attitudes toward highly skilled and low-skilled immigration: Evidence from a survey experiment. American Political Science Review 104(1):61–84.Google Scholar
Hamann, K., Warneken, F., Greenberg, J. R. & Tomasello, M. (2011) Collaboration encourages equal sharing in children but not in chimpanzees. Nature 476(7360):328–31. doi:10.1038/nature10278.Google Scholar
Hann, C. M. (1998) Property relations: Renewing the anthropological tradition. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hazlitt, H. (2010) Economics in one lesson: The shortest and surest way to understand basic economics. Crown Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Hechter, M. (1987a) Nationalism as group solidarity. Ethnic and Racial Studies 10(4):415.Google Scholar
Hechter, M. (1987b) Principles of group solidarity. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Heine, B. (1997) Possession. Cognitive sources, forces and grammaticalization. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hibbing, J. R., Smith, K. B. & Alford, J. R. (2013) Predisposed: Liberals, conservatives, and the biology of political differences. Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, L. A. & Gelman, S. A., eds. (1994a) Mapping the mind: Domain-specificity in culture and cognition. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hirshleifer, D. (2008) Psychological bias as a driver of financial regulation. European Financial Management 14(5):856–74. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-036X.2007.00437.x.Google Scholar
Hiscox, M. J. (2006) Through a glass and darkly: Attitudes toward international trade and the curious effects of issue framing. International Organization 60(03):755–80. doi: 10.1017/S0020818306060255.Google Scholar
Hoffman, E., McCabe, K. & Smith, V. L. (1996) Social distance and other-regarding behavior in dictator games. The American Economic Review 86(3):653–60.Google Scholar
Jenkins, B. (2009) Rent control: Do economists agree? Econ Journal Watch 6(1):73–112.Google Scholar
Kaiser Foundation (1996) Survey of Americans and economists on the economy. The Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University Survey Project, p. 22. Technical Report, Kaiser Family Foundation. Available at: https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/1996/09/survey-of-americans-and-economists-on-the-economy-toplines-survey.pdf.Google Scholar
Kaiser, M. K., Jonides, J. & Alexander, J. (1986) Intuitive reasoning about abstract and familiar physics problems. Memory and Cognition 14:308–12.Google Scholar
Kameda, T., Takezawa, M., Tindale, R. S. & Smith, M. (2002) Social sharing and risk reduction: Exploring a computational algorithm for the psychology of windfall gains. Evolution and Human Behavior 23(1):11–33.Google Scholar
Kanngiesser, P., Gjersoe, N. & Hood, B. M. (2010) The effect of creative labor on property-ownership transfer by preschool children and adults. Psychological Science 21(9):1236–41. doi: 10.1177/0956797610380701.Google Scholar
Kanwisher, N. (2000) Domain specificity in face perception. Nature Neuroscience 3(8):759–63.Google Scholar
Kaplan, H. S. & Gurven, M. (2005) The natural history of human food sharing and cooperation: A Review and a new multi-individual approach to the negotiation of norms. In: Moral sentiments and material interests: The foundations of cooperation in economic life, ed. Gintis, H., Bowles, S., Boyd, R. & Fehr, E., pp. 75–113. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kaplan, H. S. & Hill, K. (1985b) Hunting ability and reproductive success among male Ache foragers: Preliminary results. Current Anthropology 26(1):131–33.Google Scholar
Karp, D., Jin, N., Yamagishi, T. & Shinotsuka, H. (1993) Raising the minimum in the minimal group paradigm. The Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 32(3):231–40.Google Scholar
Kelly, R. L. (1995) The foraging spectrum: Diversity in hunter-gatherer lifeways. Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Kenrick, D. T., Li, Y. J., White, A. E. & Neuberg, S. L. (2013) Economic subselves: Fundamental motives and deep rationality. In: Social thinking and interpersonal behavior, ed. Forgas, J. P., Fiedler, K. & Sedikides, C., pp. 23–43. Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Kiyonari, T. & Yamagishi, T. (2004) Ingroup cooperation and the social exchange heuristic. In: Contemporary psychological research on social dilemmas, ed. Suleiman, R., Budescu, D. V., Fischer, I. & Messick, D. M., pp. 269–86. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Korpi, W. & Palme, J. (1998) The paradox of redistribution and strategies of equality. Welfare state institutions, inequality, and poverty in the Western countries. American Sociological Review 63(5):661–87.Google Scholar
Krasnow, M. M., Cosmides, L., Pedersen, E. J. & Tooby, J. (2012) What are punishment and reputation for? PLoS ONE 7(9):e45662. Available at: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0045662; and at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045662Google Scholar
Levitt, M., Weber, R., Clark, M. & McDonnell, P. (1985) Reciprocity of exchange in toddler sharing behavior. Developmental Psychology 21(1):122–34.Google Scholar
Lippmann, W. (1922) Public opinion. Feather Trail Press.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G., Rick, S. & Cohen, J. D. (2008) Neuroeconomics. Annual Review of Psychology 59:647–72. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093710.Google Scholar
Magalhães, P. & White, K. G. (2016) The sunk cost effect across species: A review of persistence in a course of action due to prior investment. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 105(3):339–61. doi: 10.1002/jeab.202.Google Scholar
Mansfield, E. D., Mutz, D. C. & Brackbill, D. (2016) Effects of the Great Recession on American attitudes toward trade. British Journal of Political Science. (Online article, pp. 1–22). doi: 10.1017/S0007123416000405. Published Online, first view, November 15, 2016. Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/effects-of-the-great-recession-on-american-attitudes-toward-trade/343F5021864097B6385C6E0C2E8037C4Google Scholar
Mercier, H. & Sperber, D. (2009) Intuitive and reflective inferences. In: In two minds, ed. Evans, J. & Frankish, K., pp. 149–70. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Milinski, M., Semmann, D. & Krambeck, H. J. (2002) Reputation helps solve the “tragedy of the commons”. Nature 415(6870):424–26.Google Scholar
Morin, O. (2013) What does communication contribute to cultural transmission? Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale 21(2):230–35. doi: 10.1111/1469-8676.12014.Google Scholar
Morin, O. (2016) How traditions live and die. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nannestad, P. & Paldam, M. (1994) The VP-function: A survey of the literature on vote and popularity functions after 25 years. Public Choice 79(3–4):213–45.Google Scholar
Noë, R. & Hammerstein, P. (1994) Biological markets: Supply and demand determine the effect of partner choice in cooperation, mutualism and mating. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 35(1):1–11. doi: 10.1007/bf00167053.Google Scholar
Noles, N. S. & Keil, F. (2011) Exploring ownership in a developmental context. In: Origins of ownership of property: New directions for child and adolescent development, vol. 132, ed. Ross, H. H. & Friedman, O., pp. 91–103. Wiley.Google Scholar
Nozick, R. (1994) Invisible-hand explanations. The American Economic Review 84(2):314–18.Google Scholar
Panchanathan, K. & Boyd, R. (2004) Indirect reciprocity can stabilize cooperation without the second-order free rider problem. Nature 432:499–502.Google Scholar
Peffley, M. (1984) The voter as juror: Attributing responsibility for economic conditions. Political Behavior 6(3):275–94.Google Scholar
Petersen, M. B. (2012) Social welfare as small-scale help: Evolutionary psychology and the deservingness heuristic. American Journal of Political Science 56(1):1–16. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00545.x.Google Scholar
Petersen, M. B. (2013) Moralization as protection against exploitation: Do individuals without allies moralize more? Evolution and Human Behavior 34(2):78–85. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.09.006.Google Scholar
Petersen, M. B. (2016) Evolutionary political psychology. In: Handbook of evolutionary psychology, 2nd edition, ed. Buss, D., pp. 1084–1102. John Wiley.Google Scholar
Petersen, M. B., Roepstorff, A. & Serritzlew, S. (2009) Social capital in the brain? In: Handbook of social capital, ed. Svendsen, G. T. & Svendsen, G. L., pp. 75–92. Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Petersen, M. B., Sznycer, D., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2012) Who deserves help? Evolutionary psychology, social emotions, and public opinion about welfare. Political Psychology 33(3):395–418.Google Scholar
Pickering, M. J. & van Gompel, P. (2006) Syntactic parsing. In: Handbook of psycholinguistics, 2nd edition, ed. Traxler, M. & Gernsbacher, M. A., pp. 455–503. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Pietraszewski, D. (2013) What is group psychology? Adaptations for mapping shared intentional stances. In: Navigating the social world: What infants, children, and other species can teach us, ed. Banaji, M. R. & Gelman, S. A., pp. 253–57. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pietraszewski, D. (2016) How the mind sees coalitional and group conflict: The evolutionary invariances of n-person conflict dynamics. Evolution and Human Behavior 37(6):470–80. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.006.Google Scholar
Pietraszewski, D., Curry, O. S., Petersen, M. B., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2015) Constituents of political cognition: Race, party politics, and the alliance detection system. Cognition 140:24–39. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.03.007.Google Scholar
Plott, C. R. (1974) On game solutions and revealed preference theory. Social Science Working Papers, No. 35, Caltech Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology. Available at: http://www.hss.caltech.edu/content/game-solutions-and-revealed-preference-theory; and at: http://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/hss-prod-storage.cloud.caltech.edu/hss_working_papers/sswp35.pdfGoogle Scholar
Plott, C. R. (2001) Public economics, political processes and policy applications: Introduction. Collected Papers on the experimental foundations of economics and political science, vol. 1. (Series: Economists of the Twentieth Century). Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Polanyi, K. (1957/2001) The economy as instituted process. In: The sociology of economic life, ed. Granovetter, M. & Swedberg, R., pp. 3–21. Westview Press. (Original work published in 1957.)Google Scholar
Price, M. E., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2002) Punitive sentiment as an anti-free rider psychological device. Evolution and Human Behavior 23(3):203–31.Google Scholar
Rao, N. & Stewart, S. M. (1999) Cultural influences on sharer and recipient behavior: Sharing in Chinese and Indian preschool children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 30(2):219–41.Google Scholar
Ross, D. (2005) Economic theory and cognitive science: Microexplanation. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Rothstein, B. (1998) Just institutions matter: The moral and political logic of the universal welfare state. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rubin, P. H. (2002) Darwinian politics: The evolutionary origin of freedom. Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Rubin, P. H. (2003) Folk economics. Southern Economic Journal 70(1):157–71. doi: 10.2307/1061637.Google Scholar
Rubin, P. H. (2014) Emporiophobia (fear of markets): Cooperation or competition? Southern Economic Journal 80(4):875–89. doi: 10.4284/0038-4038-2013.287.Google Scholar
Rudolph, T. J. (2003a) Institutional context and the assignment of political responsibility. Journal of Politics 65(1):190–215.Google Scholar
Rudolph, T. J. (2003b) Who's responsible for the economy? The formation and consequences of responsibility attributions. American Journal of Political Science 47(4):698–713. doi: 10.1111/1540-5907.00049.Google Scholar
Ryle, G. (1949/2009) The concept of mind. Routledge. (Original work published in 1949).Google Scholar
Schipper, S. (2015) Towards a “post-neoliberal” mode of housing regulation? The Israeli social protest of summer 2011. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 39(6):1137–54. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.12318.Google Scholar
Scott-Phillips, T. C. (2014) Speaking our minds: Why human communication is different, and how language evolved to make it special. Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Scott-Phillips, T. C., Dickins, T. E. & West, S. A. (2011) Evolutionary theory and the ultimate–proximate distinction in the human behavioral sciences. Perspectives on Psychological Science 6(1):38–47.Google Scholar
Simon, R. & Lynch, J. (1999) A comparative assessment of public opinion toward immigrants and immigration policies. International Migration Review 33(2):455–67.Google Scholar
Skitka, L. J. & Tetlock, P. E. (1993) Providing public assistance: Cognitive and motivational processes underlying liberal and conservative policy preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65(6):1205–23.Google Scholar
Smith, V. L. (1976) Experimental economics: Induced value theory. The American Economic Review 66(2):274–79.Google Scholar
Smith, V. L. (2003) Constructivist and ecological rationality in economics. American Economic Review 93(3):465–508.Google Scholar
Smith, V. L. (2008) Rationality in economics: Constructivist and ecological forms. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sniderman, P. M., Petersen, M. B., Slothuus, R. & Stubager, R. (2014) Paradoxes of liberal democracy: Islam, Western Europe, and the Danish cartoon crisis. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Solomon-Harris, L. M., Mullin, C. R. & Steeves, J. K. E. (2013) TMS to the “occipital face area” affects recognition but not categorization of faces. Brain and Cognition 83(3):245–51. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.08.007.Google Scholar
Sowell, T. (2011) Economic facts and fallacies, 2nd edition. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Spelke, E. S., Phillips, A. & Woodward, A. L. (1995) Infants' knowledge of object motion and human action. In: Causal cognition: A multidisciplinary debate, ed. Sperber, D., Premack, D. & James-Premack, A., pp. 44–78. Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Sperber, D. (1985) Anthropology and psychology: Towards an epidemiology of representations. Man 20(1):73–89.Google Scholar
Sperber, D. (1991) The epidemiology of beliefs. In: Psychological studies of widespread beliefs, ed. Fraser, C., pp. 25–44. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sperber, D. (1996) Explaining culture: A naturalistic approach. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sperber, D. (1997) Intuitive and reflective beliefs. Mind and Language 12(1):67–83.Google Scholar
Sperber, D. (2000) Metarepresentation in an evolutionary perspective. In: Metarepresentations: A multidisciplinary perspective, ed. Sperber, D., pp. 117–38. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (1995) Relevance: Communication and cognition, 2nd edition. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Starmans, C., Sheskin, M. & Bloom, P. (2017) Why people prefer unequal societies. Nature: Human Behaviour 1: article no. 0082. (Online publication). doi: 10.1038/s41562-017-0082. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0082.Google Scholar
Stephan, Walter G., Ybarra, O. & Bachman, G. (1999) Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 29(11):2221–37.Google Scholar
Sugiyama, L. S. (2004) Illness, injury, and disability among Shiwiar forager-horticulturalists: Implications of health-risk buffering for the evolution of human life history. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 123:371–89.Google Scholar
Sugiyama, L. S., Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (2002) Cross-cultural evidence of cognitive adaptations for social exchange among the Shiwiar of Ecuadorian Amazonia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99(17):11537–542.Google Scholar
Tajfel, H. (1970) Experiments in inter-group discrimination. Scientific American 223:96–102.Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. E., Kristel, O. V., Elson, S. B., Green, M. C. & Lerner, J. S. (2000) The psychology of the unthinkable: Taboo trade-offs, forbidden base rates, and heretical counterfactuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78(5):853–70.Google Scholar
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (2010) Groups in mind: The coalitional roots of war and morality. In: Human morality and sociality: Evolutionary and comparative perspectives, ed. Høgh-Olesen, H., pp. 191–234. Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Tremoulet, P. D. & Feldman, J. (2000) Perception of animacy from the motion of a single object. Perception 29:943–51.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1971) Evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46:35–57.Google Scholar
Williamson, M. R. & Wearing, A. J. (1996) Lay people's cognitive models of the economy. Journal of Economic Psychology 17(1):3–38.Google Scholar
Wilson, T. D. & Hodges, S. D. (1992) Attitudes as temporary constructions. The construction of social judgments 10:37–65.Google Scholar
Wood, G. E. (2002) Fifty economic fallacies exposed. Institute of Economic Affairs.Google Scholar
Worstall, T. (2014) 20 economics fallacies. Searching Finance.Google Scholar
Yuen, T. W. K. & Greene, M. (2011) Impact of the recent financial crisis on subjective perceptions of the economy: Findings from Hong Kong, Guangdong, and Beijing. Chinese Economy 44(3):45–58.Google Scholar
Zaller, J. (1992) The nature and origins of mass opinion: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar