In the very short time since magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was born it has gained surprisingly rapid and enthusiastic acceptance and has speedily proliferated, particularly in the United States and Western Europe. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has successfully challenged computed tomography (CT) in all areas of the body where respiratory motion does not degrade the image (Steinberg, 1986). Newer techniques using a multiplicity of approaches are starting to close the gap between CT and MRI, even in the upper abdomen where the effects of respiratory motion are most pronounced. Although MR is already widely clinically applied and is an accepted everyday diagnostic modality in most large medical centres in the United States, it is not a mature modality. It is rapidly evolving, with whole new areas opening to investigation which will vastly broaden its applications.

(Quart. Rev. Biophys. 12, 1, February 1979, page 51) contained several drafting errors. It should be replaced by the corrected version below.

Several functions of the animal body can take place in cell or tissue cultures with almost unreduced efficiency and precision. Functions, where only one cell type is involved, often do so, but also some differentiation steps where interactions between two or more cell types are clearly needed can take place in tissue culture (Saxén et al. 1968).

Most immune responses require collaboration between two or more cell types (Claman, Chaperon & Triplett, 1966; Miller & Mitchell, 1968; Feldmann & Nossal 1972c). Some of them can be easily induced in vitro but others cannot. Even when antibody responses can be induced in vitro their intensity varies a great deal. With some antigens and under some circumstances a response in vitro can be nearly as strong as one in vivo. A crude comparison can be derived from responses in vitro and in vivo to the same antigen, conjugate of hapten NIP and pneumococcal polysaccharide type III (NIP-SIll, Nakamura, Ray & Mäkelä, 1973).

1. INTRODUCTION 107

2. ORGANIZATION 108

3. THE MAIN GOALS 108

4. SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES 109

5. CONNECTION AND COOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 109

6. PUBLICATIONS 110

7. CLOSING REMARKS 110

8. HISTORICAL TABLES 111

9. APPENDIX: IUPAB STATUTES (as modified in Amsterdam, 1996) 115

The IUPAB was founded on 2 August 1961 in Stockholm as the International Organization of Pure and Applied Biophysics. The main goal of the Organization was to promote and organize international cooperation in biophysics and molecular biology and to encourage its development and practical application all over the world. Some detailed information on the foundation of the Union was published by A. K. Solomon (first Secretary General) in Quarterly Review of Biophysics.Another summary of the activity of IUPAB was prepared by R. D. Keynes(second Secretary General) in 1976.

Proteins are vital biological macromolecules that execute biological functions and form the core of synthetic biological systems. The history of de novo protein has evolved from initial successes in subordinate structural design to more intricate protein creation, challenging the complexities of natural proteins. Recent strides in protein design have leveraged computational methods to craft proteins for functions beyond their natural capabilities. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have emerged as a crucial tool for comprehending the structural and dynamic properties of de novo-designed proteins. In this study, we examined the pivotal role of MD simulations in elucidating the sampling methods, force field, water models, stability, and dynamics of de novo-designed proteins, highlighting their potential applications in diverse fields. The synergy between computational modeling and experimental validation continued to play a crucial role in the creation of novel proteins tailored for specific functions and applications.